La Umzila weSilikhi Yenye yeendlela ezidumileyo kwimbali, isinxibelelanisi esikhulu sehlabathi esaziwa kangangeenkulungwane. Yayingu uthungelwano lweendlela, iindlela zorhwebo ngaphezulu kwendlela enye, ebanzi ethe ekugqibeleni yaphelisa ukudibanisa iAsia, uMbindi Mpuma, kunye ne-Yurophu nge-Indian subcontinent neRussia.
Nangona yayibizwa ngokuba yiSilk Road Ayithengiswanga isilika kuphela kodwa kunye neziqholo, iswekile, iiseramikhi, iti, ityuwa, iimpondo zendlovu, uboya kunye nezacholo, umzekelo. Inyani yile yokuba ayisiyiyo kuphela into kodwa iinkcubeko, izimvo, iilwimi, iinkolo kunye nezifo ezihambileyo, ke ibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali.
Indlela yeSilika
Indlela ibingasoloko ineli gama, enyanisweni iindlela ezahlukeneyo bezingenamagama de ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX igeologist yaseJamani uFerdinand von Richthofen wayithiya igama njengeNdlela yeSilika yokuvusa ukusukela ngelo xesha iindlela kunye neenkcubeko.
Isilika yimveliso yakudala esuka e-China kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba yaqala ukuveliswa malunga neminyaka engama-2.700 XNUMX BC.Njengoko yayiyimveliso entle, yayisetyenziswa kuphela kwinkundla yasebukhosini kwaye kumawaka eminyaka inkqubo yokucaciswa kwayo yayiyimfihlo eyayingafanele ukushiya ubukumkani. I-China yayine-monopoly kodwa isilika yayihamba emhlabeni ngesandla kunye noonozakuzaku kunye norhwebo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC yafika kubukhosi baseRoma njengeyona mveliso iphambili yokunethezeka.
Isilika ungene eYurophu kwaye wanika amandla kuphuhliso lweendlela zorhwebo ukusuka kweli zwekazi ukuya kwiMpuma Ekude. Ekugqibeleni ulwazi lokuveliswa kwesilika lwavuza kwaye lwaqala ukuveliswa eIndiya, eJapan, kubukhosi basePersi kwaye okokugqibela, eNtshona, malunga ne-XNUMXth century AD. Indlela yeSilk yaba yenye yeendlela ezaziwayo nezaziwa kakhulu kumaXesha Aphakathi kwaye yasetyenziswa ngokubanzi de kwaba yinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezenza indlela yeSilk ziphuhliswe ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye zibambene neemeko zopolitiko zemimandla, kwaye ngenxa yotshintsho lomhlaba lonyaka. Umntu unokucinga ukuba indlela yayiyinto yasemhlabeni kuphela kodwa hayi, nayo ineemilinganiselo zaselwandle kubaluleke kakhulu, ingakumbi kurhwebo iziqholo ezifana nesinamon, ijinja, ipepile okanye nutmeg evela ekuthiwa-Spice Islands, i Moluccas.
Le mizila yaselwandle indala nokuba indala, inamawaka eminyaka, kuba ngaphambili babedibanise iMesopotamiya, iPeninsula yaseArabia kunye ne-Indus Valley, ke kumaXesha Aphakathi iindlela zazandisa isandla zihamba kunye nenkqubela phambili kubuchule bokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kunye neenkwenkwezi. Ke njengokuba ubona Kwakukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezazinokuthathwa ngabarhwebi kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo zokutshintshiselana.
Indlela yeSilk yayi ke indlela enamandla, enamandla kwaye ukucebisa bonke abantu behlabathi. Oku kwaqondwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala kunye nejografi yaseYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX abaqala ukumlandela, bezimisele ukuzonwabisa. Kwaye ke bafumanisa iidolophu, izikhumbuzo, amanxiwa kunye neemfihlakalo ezisasitsala nanamhlanje.
Indlela yeSilika namhlanje
Kumhla wethu, ke, uninzi lwezi zakhiwo zembali kunye nezikhumbuzo zisemi kwaye zininzi iindlela zokusondela kuye. Ezinye zezona ndlela zinomdla kakhulu kwiSilk Road ziqala eBeijing zize ziphele eTashkent, eUzbekistan. Abanye banqumla ububanzi baseTshayina kwaye badlula eKyrgystan ukuze bajonge kwinto eyiyo Umbindi weAsia, kuninzi lweyona ndawo inomdla kwaye inomdla, kunye neenkcubeko ezininzi.
Indlela ekucetyiswa ukuba iqale kuyo IKazakstanKwikomkhulu layo elibizwa ngokuba yiAlmaty ungafika ngenqwelomoya ukusuka eBeijing. Ayikuko ukuba iAlmaty okanye iKazakhstan zinamakhubalo amaninzi kuzo, kodwa inyani kukuba ukusuka apha kulula ukwazi ezona zilungileyo zaseKyrgyzstan. Usuku lonke lokuhamba kwaye uya kubona iinduli kunye nobomvu Charyn Canyon, ilingana neGrand Canyon edume kakhulu eColorado.
Apha uwelele eKyrgyzstan Kwaye ayinakuba kukuwela umda kuphela, kucacile ke, ngaphambi kokuba uqalise indlela, kubalulekile ukukhangela ukuba ngawaphi amazwe asicela i-visa. IKyrgyzstan ngumhlaba oluhlaza, oneentili eziphakamileyo namachibi kunye neentaba ezigqunywe likhephu ngonaphakade. Ayaziwa kwaye intle, igcwele amahashe, iinkozi eziqeqeshiweyo kunye neenkampu zokuhlala ubusuku nokuziva kwelinye ilizwe.
Le ikwayi umhlaba ogqibeleleyo wokuhamba intabaUhamba phakathi kweentaba, emasimini eentyatyambo zasendle nasezintlanjeni ezikroliweyo ngumkhenkce wamandulo ngamanye amaxesha ungaboni mntu kangangeeyure. Kukho iindlela esele zenziwe imephu kwaye ukhetho luphakathi kwemizila yeentsuku ezinesiqingatha kunye neendlela zeeyure ezisibhozo, ngeenyawo okanye kwii-4 x 4 iiveni, zihlala zikhatshwa sisikhokelo.
Ukusuka kwikomkhulu laseKyrgyzstan, iBishkek, uhamba ngenqwelomoya oya eTashkent, e Uzbhekistan, indawo eyahlukileyo ngokwejografi kumhlaba owushiyayo kwaye ube yintlango. I-Tashkent sesona sixeko sikhulu kwingingqi kunye nekomkhulu lesizwe, kunye nokuba yiyo Hub zonxibelelwano kwi-Asia Ephakathi. Abakhenkethi abaninzi baqesha ukhenketho lweSilk Road apha Iintsuku ezingama-21 ubude ziqala ngenqwelomoya eya eBeijing.
Olu hlobo lokhenketho ngokubanzi ludlula eDunhuang, eTurpan, eKashgar, eTash Rabat, kwiNgoma Kol, eBishkek, eSamarkand, eBukhara naseKhiva ukubuyela eTashkent ngomhla wama-21. Ucinga ntoni? Kubantu abaninzi abahambi iUzbekistan ibonakala ililizwe eliphucukileyo kuneKyrgyzstan, ngokukhanyisa ngakumbi kumbindi wedolophu, imimandla yabahambi ngenyawo, ubomi bobusuku obungakumbi. Kwaye, ikomkhulu ubuncinci sisixeko esikhulu, esinamaSilamsi, iindawo zikawonkewonke kunye neendawo ezinjengeKhiva, iBukhara okanye iSamarkand.
Ukuba awufuni ukubhalisela ukhenketho olukusa eBeijing, ungahlala uhlala uthathe uhambo olusuka eTashkent njengokuthatha uloliwe oya eSamarkand kunye nokukhenketha iindawo ezinomtsalane kuso sonke isixeko: i-Bibi Khanym Mosque, eyayikade inkulu ehlabathini, iRegistan Square egqibeleleyo nenamajasta, imadrasas, iMausoleum yaseTamerlane, idolophu yakudala kunye Indawo yezinto zakudala yaseMarakanda, isixeko esoyiswa ngabantu baseMakedoni kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini eyadlulayo.
Ukusuka eSamarkanda nawe unakho uye eBukhara kwaye undwendwele ikomkhulu i-El Arco apho abathunywa baseBritane babulawa. Isixeko sonke sihle, sizolile kuneSamarkand kwaye sincinci. Ukuhamba kweyure ukusuka eBukhara unomda kunye neTurkmen, iiyure ezimbini zokuwela kunye nezinye iiyure ezine kwaye ungene Merv Ngexesha lokulala kwaye uqale ukhenketho ngosuku olulandelayo.
I-Merv yayiyeyona nxalenye yeSilk Road Kwaye ngendlela ejongeka ngayo iUzbekistan yayijongeka kanjani ngaphandle koncedo lweSoviet. Akunakubakho nabakhenkethi iziva ikhethekile. Iiyure ezine ngemoto ufika kwikomkhulu, I-Ashgabat, isixeko esinobuntu, izakhiwo zemarble kunye nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wegolide ojikeleza ngonaphakade ujonge ilanga. Isixeko ekufuneka siphonononge, ngakumbi ikota endala yaseRussia.
Emva koko ungayazi i IDrvaza Desert Craters, kusesemlilweni ukususela ngee-70s xa babelayite ngenjongo. Kuluhambo olungenakuphuthelwa kuba uhlala ukuchitha ubusuku enkampini kufutshane kakhulu nezi kratshi zintsha. Ngosuku olulandelayo ngemoto uyahamba ukuya kumda we-Uzbekistan kwaye uyazi uKunya - urgench kunye nee-mosque zayo, iinqaba kunye nee-minarets ezivela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Emva kokuwela umda kukho isiqingatha seyure xa usiya eNukus kwaye ukusuka apha ufika Elliq - Qalas, inqaba yelitye lekalika ebonakala ngathi ayiveli ndawo kwaye iyinxalenye yelifa lika-Alexander the Great. Ilandelwa sisixeko sase IKhiva ngee-mosque ezininzi kunye neendawo zokuhlala eziqhelekileyo, ezine-blue majolica kuyo yonke indawo. Ewe, ukusukela kweli nqanaba unako thatha inqwelomoya kwaye ubuyele eTashkent kulapho waqala khona uhambo.
Njengoko ubona, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo Le ndlela ecaleni kwendlela yakudala yeSilika yenye yezona zininzi ezingaqhelekanga. Kwaye njengoko ubona, ungabhalisela ukhenketho okanye unokurenta imoto kwaye ujikeleze zonke ezi zixeko, ngamanye amaxesha ufuna ukuqesha abakhokeli okanye abaqhubi babucala. Yi icandelo elikhulukunjalo, kunjalo kungcono ukuyindwendwela phakathi kuka-Epreli ukuya ekuqaleni kukaJuni okanye uSeptemba ukuya ku-Okthobha. Imozulu eshushu ngaphandle kokutshisa kakhulu.
Indlela ibandakanya iiyure ezinde ngemoto, iinqwelomoya ngenqwelomoya kunye nohambo ngololiwe, ngaphakathi eUzbekistan kwaye okokugqibela, kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uhambe nobhaka ungabi nesutikheyisi kuba ukuwela imida kuhamba ngeenyawo. Yenye yeendlela ezinokwenzeka kwaye awunakufuna ukuqala ukhenketho wedwa, kodwa into endifuna ukuyithetha kukuba kunokwenzeka. Zombini ezi zinto zinokwenzeka: thatha uhambo lwe-Silk Road okanye wenze uhambo lwakho. Uyakhetha.