Acropolis, yintoni na

Sonke sivile ngeAcropolis ye Atenas. Siye safunda ngayo saza sayityelela. Kodwa, uye wazibuza ukuba kutheni ikhona kwaye yintoni umsebenzi wayo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuchaza yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga a acropolis, yintoni na Yaye yayinayiphi indima kumaxesha amandulo? Emva koko, siya kukuxelela ngezinye zezona zidumileyo.

IAcropolis Lithetha "isixeko phezulu" ngesiGrike. Kwaye, eneneni, yayiyeyona ndawo iphakamileyo kwizixeko zamaGrike. Abemi bayo bamandulo bazinza kwezo ndawo ziphakamileyo neziphakamileyo ukuze bazikhusele ngakumbi kuhlaselo lotshaba. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izixeko zanda zaba yimimandla ephantsi. Kodwa abemi bayo bagcina i-acropolis ukuba ikhuseleke ngamaxesha emfazwe ngokuchasene nabanye polisi abamelwane Bona ke, ngenxa yelungelo labo kunye nobudala babo, bahlala ezona zakhiwo zinemifuziselo kwaye yayiyindawo yeentlanganiso ezibalulekileyo. Nje ukuba yonke into malunga ne-acropolis icaciswe, yintoni na kwaye yayisetyenziselwa ntoni, siza kukubonisa ezona zibalulekileyo.

IAcropolis yaseAthene

Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yeyona idumileyo ehlabathini. Nyaka ngamnye ityelelwa zizigidi zabakhenkethi ababuyayo bethabathekile bubungangamsha bayo. Kwimeko yakhe, ikwinduli eziimitha ezilikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu ukuphakama. Njengomdla wokwazi, siya kukuxelela ukuba ikwabizwa ngokuba yi Ikopi, ngembeko yokumkani wokuqala waseAthene: inyoka yasentsomini iCrecope.

Ngenxa yokuba imvelaphi yeAcropolis yaseAthene indala. Enyanisweni, kuyaziwa, kwiintsalela ezifunyenweyo, ukuba kwakukho umntu wamandulo mycenaean kwiwaka lesibini leminyaka ngaphambi kukaKristu nelinye lamandulo, malunga, ngenkulungwane yesithandathu ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Nangona kunjalo, le esiyaziyo namhlanje yeyalo isigaba seklasikhi yempucuko yamaGrike. Ngokusekelwe kwezo zangaphambili, yakhiwa ngokutsha ngu IiPericles (495-429 BC), owaphathisa ukwakhiwa kwayo kumagcisa abalulekileyo njengomkhulu UPhidias, umyili wemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yeParthenon edumileyo. Kwaye oku kusikhokelela ekubeni sithethe ngolwakhiwo lwemifuziselo yayo.

ICarthenon

Sisanda kuqala ngalo msebenzi mkhulu. Abayili bayo babe Iicallicrates e Ictinus, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yasebenzisa iziseko zetempile endala ebizwa ngokuba Hecatompedon. Ithatha indawo emalunga namashumi asixhenxe anamashumi amathathu eemitha kwaye ijikelezwe ziikholamu ezingaphezulu kweshumi ukuphakama. Kwakhona, ikwiplinth ekufikelelwa kuyo ngamanyathelo amathathu.

Ngaphakathi, yahlulwe ngamagumbi amabini azimeleyo. Eyasempuma inkulu kwaye iikholamu eziqinileyo zeDoric zahlula iinave zayo ezintathu. Ukongeza, yayiyiyo eyayihlala kuyo umfanekiso oqingqiweyo odumileyo we-athena yenziwe ngu UPhidias ngegolide neempondo zendlovu. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, esentshona ineekholamu ze-Ionic kwaye yayimiselwe ukugcina ubuncwane bothixokazi. Nangona kunjalo, itempile ubukhulu becala yiDoric, nangona kukho into enye ebalaseleyo.

Sithetha nawe malunga ifrieze enkulu leyo iseludongeni lwenqanawa. De kube ngoko, akukho sakhiwo saseDoric sasisebenzisa loo ndawo ukuyibeka. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ifrieze yenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo UPhidias. Kubude baso seemitha ezilikhulu elinamashumi amathandathu ubude, waqingqa inani labantu abangama-378 kunye nezilwanyana ezingama-245 kwibhastile.

I-Erechtheion ye-Acropolis

Ngomphathi wayo odumileyo (okanye stoa) ibanjwe ngabathandathu imifanekiso caryatids, sesinye sezona zakhiwo zibalaseleyo kwiAcropolis. Yitempile enikelwe koothixo Poseidon y Athena, kodwa nakukumkani wasentsomini waseAthene erectus, Kungoko igama layo.

Isakhiwo kuthiwa senziwe ngumyili wezakhiwo I-Menesicles, owalandela umyalelo we-Ionic wokuyakha ngebhastile ukusuka eMount Pentelico. Yayilungiselelwe ukugcina ezona ntsalela zixabisekileyo kubantu baseAthene. Phakathi kwabo, i IPalladium, umfanekiso owenziwe ngomthi ka-Athena owathi, ngokutsho kwentsomi, wawa ezulwini. Kwangcwatyelwa khona ookumkani I-Crecope kunye neyakhe erectus. Nditsho nentombi yalo mva. PandrosusYayinendlu yecawa.

Ezinye izakhiwo zeAcropolis yaseAthene

Zininzi ezinye izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo kwiAcropolis, ukuqala nge IPropylaea, eyathi, kunye neentsika zayo ezinkulu ezintandathu zeDoric, zenza isango lokungena kwindawo ebiyelweyo. Kufuneka undwendwele kwakhona Itempile ka-Athena Nike, Umsebenzi we Iicallicrates kunye neefriezes zayo ezinikezelwe kwiiMfazwe zoNyango; i Ingcwele ka-Artemis Bauronia, kunye negalari yayo yeemitha ezingamashumi amathathu anesibhozo ubude ehlala ukuveliswa kobhedu UTroy Horse, kunye nenkulu portico of eumenes, yakhiwe kwangenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC.

Kodwa, ngaphezu kwako konke, igxininisa i yeqonga dionysus, ezigqalwa njengezona zindala ehlabathini. Yayinamanqanaba angamashumi asixhenxe anesibhozo ahlulwe yipaseji esetyhula kunye negalari yabasemagunyeni. Ngaphambi kwabo kwakukho i-okhestra kwaye, ngokuqhubekayo, iproscenium, iqonga elide apho abadlali basebenza ngokwenene. Ekugqibeleni, kwakusenzeka emva kweqonga. Ababhali abakhulu bamaGrike, ukusuka unomatse phezulu IAristophane, uhamba Sophocles y Iiuripides.

Acropolis yaseKorinte

Nangona yayingekho kangako njengaleyo yaseAthene, yayibalulekile kumaxesha amandulo. Yayiyenye yee-acropolis ezinkulu eGrisi. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyela emva ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu kwaye ifunyenwe ilawula isixeko ukusuka entabeni ephantse ibe ngamakhulu amathandathu eemitha ukuphakama. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezinto onokuzibona kuyo azikho kwixesha lamaGrike okanye lamaRoma, kodwa kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Nangona kunjalo, iziseko zihleli itempile ye-aphrodite, esona sakhiwo sibalulekileyo kwisakhiwo. Ngaphakathi, wawunomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wesithixokazi neminye I-Eros y onguHelios, lo mkhuseli wokugqibela waseKorinte. Kunoko, wayikhumbula ngokupheleleyo Sisypheus, un tholos okanye ilitye lesikhumbuzo lesemicircular ekusenokwenzeka ukuba lalinikezelwe kulo Zeus wa Ares.

Kodwa ifunyenwe umthombo wePyrenees, kuyinyaniso ukuba ngaphantsi kwenqaba yaseRoma. Kuyabonakala ukuba ecaleni kwakhe kwakukho umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kathixo Apollo kwaye, ngokutsho kwentsomi, kulapha apho iBellerophon ikwazile ukuthambisa ihashe Pegasus.

Aso Acropolis

Xa abaphandi baqala ukufunda umsebenzi wembali we-acropolis, ukuba yayiyintoni kwaye yayisetyenziselwa ntoni, bakhawuleza baqonda ukuba ibaluleke kakhulu kucwangciso lwedolophu. IGrisi yakudala. Oku kunokubonwa kwi-acropolis yase-Aso, isixeko esikhoyo ngoku ETurkey, kodwa oko, kwi-Antiquity, yayinguHelena.

Kuyabonakala ukuba, yasekwa ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, kodwa, kule meko, ngabaphambukeli baseAeolian abavela. Mytilene. Noko ke, ayizange igrunjwe de kwasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ngabembi bezinto zakudala baseMntla Merika. UJoseph Thacher y UFrancis H Bacon. Ezi zithathe uninzi lweziqwenga ezifunyenweyo Imyuziyam yezoBugcisa obuGcisa, eBoston. Nangona kunjalo, ungabona abanye kwinqaku Louvre kunye Imyuziyam yase-Istanbul.

Kodwa, xa ubuyela kwi-acropolis yaseAsos, unakho ukutyelela iintsalela ze-Asos itempile yaseAthena, kunye nesimbo sayo seDoric, iindonga zamandulo, i-necropolis, i-gymnasium kunye neholo yemidlalo yaseRoma. Ungandwendwela kwakhona i agora, ababene stoa okanye tribune with columns, kunye ne bouleuterion. Le yokugqibela yayiyindawo apho abemi abakhokelayo babedibana khona ukuze bagqibe ngemiba ebalulekileyo yoluntu. Ke ngoko, iya kuba yinto efana neengqungquthela zangoku zamasekela, kuba yayizidolophu.

IAcropolis yasePergamon

Kwakhona esi sixeko samandulo samaGrike namhlanje sesaso ETurkey. Kwaye, ngokulinganayo, kuyo ungabona i-acropolis ebalulekileyo, kangangokuba kunjalo Ilifa lehlabathi. I-axis yayo ephakathi yayi Itempile ka-Athena Nikephoros, eyakhiwe ngokulandela iicanon zeDoric. Ecaleni kwakhe kwakukho Biblioteca, leyo, ngexesha layo, yayiyeyesibini ngobukhulu kwihlabathi elaziwayo emva koko IAlexandria. Yaye, kummandla ongasentla, kwakukho Royal Palace ecaleni kwe arsenal kunye ne barracks.

Ndaweni yaloo nto, emazantsi kwakukho intaba isibingelelo sika zeus leyo, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yayililitye lesikhumbuzo elinomtsalane. Yayiziimitha ezingama-36 ubude nama-34 ububanzi yaye yayifikeleleka ngezinyuko ezinkulu. Ukongezelela, iintsika eziluqilima zazixhasa isilingi, zihonjiswe ngefrizeze eyayimela umlo phakathi koothixo nezigebenga.

Ngokufanayo, i-acropolis yasePergamon yayinendawo enkulu ye midlalo Yayihlala abantu abangamawaka alishumi. Kuthambeka oluziimitha ezingama-38 kwakukho imiqolo yeebhentshi ezingama-68. Kwaye, kwindawo yayo engezantsi, idityaniswe nethafa elimangalisayo elalisetyenziselwa ukuhamba.

Kwelinye icala, nangona ayiseyiyo eye-acropolis, ukuba uyayindwendwela, sikwacebisa ukuba uye asclepion, ekumgama omalunga neekhilomitha ezine ukusuka esixekweni. Njengoko negama layo libonisa, yayiyitempile enikelwe kuthixo weMithi (Asclepius). Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abaphengululi bolu qeqesho bahlanganisana apho, kuquka nabadumileyo UGalen. Ukongeza, kufutshane kakhulu kukho enye itempile encinci enikelwe kuyo telesphorus, ucoceko y IPanacea, oonyana baka-Asclepius kunye noothixo abancinci beMedicine.

Ukuqukumbela, sichaze yonke into malunga ne acropolis, yintoni na kwaye yayisetyenziselwa ntoni. Kodwa sikubonise ezinye zezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwi-Antiquity xa ufuna ukubandwendwela. Noko ke, simele sikuxelele ukuba, ukongezelela, naliphi na iqela lezakhiwo zamandulo ezifumaneka kumantla ezixeko maxa wambi libizwa ngolo hlobo. Umzekelo, ezo ze Bratislava, Edinburgh o IConstantinople. Ukuhamba kwexesha kuthabathe i-acropolis, imisebenzi yobugcisa yasezidolophini, kodwa iseziindawo zomlingo. Unesibindi sokuya kubo kwaye uya kufumanisa ukuba kutheni.