Iidolophu zaseSwitzerland

La Umbutho waseSwitzerland, iSwitzerland, lilizwe laseYurophu elinomda weItali, iJamani, iOstriya, iLiechtenstein neFransi. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyela emva kwimanyano yezopolitiko yakudala yamaXesha Aphakathi eyakhiwa phakathi kweminyaka ephakathi kwe-1300 kunye ne-1500.

ngokwezopolitiko yahlulwe yaziicanton, namhlanje 26, ngoko namhlanje siza kuthetha ngabo: i iidolophu zaseSwitzerland.

Iidolophu zaseSwitzerland

Njengoko besesitshilo ngasentla ukwakheka kwangoku kweSwitzerland kuqalela kumaXesha Aphakathi. Phakathi kwe-1300 kunye ne-1300 i-Old Swiss Confederation yayikhona apho, ngaphakathi koBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma.

Yayisekwe ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kumbindi welizwe langoku, kwaye ibandakanya iZürich neBern. Umanyano phakathi kweengingqi zasezidolophini nezisemaphandleni kwiintlambo zombindi weAlps, ezidityaniswe yimidla yorhwebo eqhelekileyo, yayingengowona unamandla, kodwa kusenjalo. ikwazile ukunandipha iwonga lezopolitiko nelomgaqo-siseko elifana nelo lezixeko zobukhosi okanye abalawuli behlabathi, ukhululekile kwigunya leenkosi zendawo, ukuba phantsi kwegunya elithe ngqo loMlawuli Ongcwele waseRoma.

Ekuqaleni bekukho iikanton ezisibhozo kwaye baye benza kakuhle kakhulu inkulungwane. NgeMfazwe yaseBurgundy, phakathi ko-1474 kunye no-1477, ungquzulwano phakathi komanyano, amahlakani ayo kunye neenkosi zaseBurgundy, amandla ayo asekwa phakathi kwendawo eyayilawulwa kakhulu yiHabsburgs kunye neFransi. Olu loyiso, kodwa nokongeza iicantons ngaphezulu kweshumi elinesithathu kwaye lizibhengeze ukuba lingathathi cala kwiMfazwe yeMinyaka engama-30, yenze lukhulu ukuqinisa iSwitzerland endala.

Nangona yayizimele, Kwakungowe-1648 kuphela apho yathi yakhululeka ngokusemthethweni kuBukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma., ekupheleni kwaloo mfazwe ende nokutyikitywa kweSivumelwano saseWestphalia. Inguqulelo entsha yeSwiss Federation yazahlulahlula loo mimandla yaba ngamaKatolika nayiReformed, nto leyo eyakhokelela kungquzulwano oluninzi lwangaphakathi eyanwenwela ebudeni benkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX. Ukongezelela kwiiyantlukwano ezingokonqulo, kwakukwakho nentlupheko ekukhuleni nakwintlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho phakathi kwaloo mimandla.

Njengesiqhelo: Imimandla yamaKatolika ubukhulu becala yayingamaphandle yaye ingqongwe ngamaProtestanti, athanda ukurhweba.. Eyona mimandla yayinamandla yayiyiZürich neBern, amaProtestanti. Ekubeni iingxaki azizange zisonjululwe kwakukho iimfazwe zangaphakathi kodwa ukuguqula yonke into kwakungenakwenzeka, ngenxa yeminqweno ephikisanayo. kwafuneka ndilinde 1848, ngaphakathi kwesakhelo esibizwa ngokuba yiRevolutions ye'48, ukuze urhulumente waseSwitzerland wazalwa.

Kodwa livela phi igama elithi Switzerland? Ngokomgaqo, ukusuka Swizalend IsiNgesi, kodwa kufuneka wazi ukuba ngaloo minyaka ikude umanyano wawusazi njenge-Eidgenossenschaft. Kamva, imimandla yomanyano yaqala ukwaziwa ngokudibeneyo njenge Schweizerland okanye Schwytzerland. Igama lesiNgesi elithi Switzerland laqalisa ukusetyenziswa phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

Ngokwenxalenye yalo, igama "canton" ineengcambu zayo kwinkulungwane ye-1848 yesiFrentshi, kwaye yayithetha into efana nekona okanye udini. Eli gama laqala ukuvela rhoqo kumaxwebhu isiFrentshi, isiTaliyane kunye nesiNgesi, kwaye ngo-XNUMX igama lesiJamani kanton yagcinwa ngokusemthethweni.

Yaye injani imeko namhlanje kwiicanton zaseSwitzerland? Umgaqo-siseko uthi icanton nganye izimele, kodwa ulongamo alunakuba ngaphaya komthetho womanyano. I-Confederation igcine amandla omkhosi oxhobileyo, imali, inkonzo yeposi kunye nezonxibelelwano, ukufuduka kunye nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, ilungelo lendawo yokuhlala kunye nobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, umthetho woluntu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezithethe.

Ikanton nganye inomgaqo-siseko wayo, inkundla yawo, amapolisa, amandla awo olawulo kunye nawomthetho, nangona zonke zilandela inkqubo eqhelekileyo. Onke amagunya kunye nobuchule obungabangiyo uMfelandawonye luxanduva lweekanton. Ngoko, ngalinye lijongene nenkonzo yezempilo karhulumente, imfundo kunye neerhafu, Umzekelo. Ukongeza, ngamnye useka ulwimi lwakhe olusemthethweni kwaye unokuvala izivumelwano namanye amacanton kunye namazwe angaphandle komanyano.

Iikanton esizazi ngokuqinisekileyo kakhulu Zürich, Bern, Lucerne, Freiburg, Basel, St. Gallen, Ticino, Neuchâtel, Geneva kunye neJura. Iikanti ezintandathu kwezingama-26 ezenza umanyano zaziwa ngokuba emibini iicanton, iBasel okanye iZürich zimbini kuzo, umzekelo, ngelixa i-20 eseleyo zaziwa njengeecanton ezipheleleyo.

Lo mahluko usebenzela ukuphawula umanyano lwembali lwezo zintandathu zisemi-canton enye kwenye, kodwa ukusukela ngo-1848 zonke iicantons ziyalingana kuyo yonke into, ngaphandle kokuba i-semi-cantons inyula kuphela ilungu elinye kwiBhunga laMazwe, kwaye kwimeko Ukuba novoto oludumileyo ivoti yabo ibalelwa kwisiqingatha sezinye iicanton.

Ekugqibeleni siyayazi loo nto Zintathu iilwimi ezithethwa eSwitzerland: isiFrentshi, isiJamani kunye nesiTaliyane.. Ngokomzekelo, isiJamani sithethwa eBasel, Appensell, Aargau, St. Gallen okanye Zurich. IsiFrentshi sisemthethweni eBern, eFreiburg, eGeneva, eNeuchâtel okanye eValais kwaye isiTaliyane siseTicino naseGraubünden. Cacileyo, kwezinye iicanton kukho ngaphezu kolwimi olunye lwaseburhulumenteni, njengoko kunjalo ngoBern, Freiburg okanye Geneva apho ethetha isiJamani nesiFrentshi ngokulinganayo.

Ndikushiyela olunye ulwazi:

• ummandla weLemanique: yinxalenye yeSwitzerland apho kuthethwa isiFrentshi kunye nesiJamani. Kukho iValais kunye neGeneva, ikomkhulu leZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neRed Cross. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, iValais yenye yezona cantons ezintle kakhulu, kunye neMatterhorn kunye nezinye iintaba eziphakamileyo kakhulu, ngaphezu kwama-4 amawaka eemitha ukuphakama.
• kumntla-ntshona weswitzerland: I-Basel-Landschaft, i-Basel-Stadt kunye ne-Aargau ziicanton ezintathu kule nxalenye yelizwe. I-Basel Likomkhulu lenkcubeko yaseSwitzerland, enemyuziyam ezingaphezu kwama-40 kunye nedolophu endala enomtsalane. Ummandla ugcwele kwiinqaba zexesha eliphakathi kunye nendalo, ilungele imisebenzi yangaphandle.
• empuma Switzerland: Kukho iicanton ezisixhenxe apha kwaye ezininzi zineentaba kakhulu, ezifana neGlaurus, i-Appenzell Ausserrhoden kunye ne-Appensell Innerhoden, i-Sankt Gallen kunye ne-Thurgau. Bonke banesiJamani njengolwimi lwabo lwaseburhulumenteni, kodwa iCanton yaseGraubünden yamkela iilwimi ezintathu ezisemthethweni: isiJamani, isiTaliyane nesiRomanesque.
• Mitteland: apha Berne, kunye neemyuziyam zayo ezinkulu. Kukwakho necanton yaseSolothurn, iJura, iFriborg, iNeuchâtel…
• kumbindi weswitzerland:Kulapho iLucerne ikhoyo nedolophu yayo entle endala kunye neNtaba iPilatus. kukwakho iCanton Schwyz, iNidwalden, iUri, iZug neObwalden, amachibi kunye namahlathi amaninzi.
• Inqaku: Yeyona canton isemazantsi kwaye yiyo yodwa kumanyano luphela apho kuthethwa isiTaliyane ngokusemthethweni. Iyonwabela imozulu entle yeMeditera, iphumle kumda weLake Maggiore kwaye iyinxalenye yelizwe.