La Isixeko sabangcwele abangama-333 yenye yeemvaba ezifumanayo Timbuktu. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "Pearl of the Desert" kwaye, njengoko usazi, ibekwe kumbindi welizwe. mali, ilizwe lesibhozo ngobukhulu Afrika. Ke ngoko, ibekwe kwindawo esentshona yelizwekazi kunye nemida, phakathi kwabanye, nge Morithaniya, Senegal, Algeria, Cote d'Ivoire o ENiger.
Ngokuchanekileyo, umlambo onamandla weli gama udlula malunga neekhilomitha ezisixhenxe ukusuka eTimbuktu, unika amanzi afunekayo. Yidolophu enemeko entle, eyenze ukuba ibe yindawo yokudlula Indlela yorhwebo yaseSahara wamnika ukonwaba okukhulu. Okulandelayo, siza kucacisa yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga neSixeko sabaNgcwele abangama-333.
Index
Intwana yembali yaseTimbuktu
Isitalato eTimbuktu
Idolophu yayisele isaziwa ngamaxesha UHerodotus, oyicaphula kwenye yeencwadi zakhe. Njengoko besinixelele, ifumene udumo kwindlela yorhwebo eyayihamba kulo lonke ilizwe ENtshona Afrika ukuthwala izinto ezithengiswayo ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye nezaziphila kwixesha lazo phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neye-XNUMX.
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, iSixeko sabaNgcwele be-333 saqala inkqubela phambili kwi-XIV, xa sasihlonyelwe kwi-I.mali empire kukumkani Muse I. Ukuqina namandla ayo aqina ngakumbi nangaphezulu kwikhulu leminyaka kamva, xa yoyiswa yi- i-songhay empire. Emva koko yaduma ngamathala eencwadi kunye noovimba bayo. Kodwa yaba yinto ebalulekileyo kwiSilamsi ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo eyunivesithi yaseSankore, egqalwa njengenye yezokuqala ehlabathini.
Kakade ngo-1988 i-UNESCO yabhengezwa Ilifa lehlabathi ezininzi zemosque zayo kwaye yaba yipali yokutsala abakhenkethi. Ngelishwa, oku akusekho ngenxa yobunqolobi be-jihadist. Kodwa ayisiyiyo yodwa ingozi enkulu ejongene nayo uTimbuktu. Kuba ibekwe emazantsi edolophu Intlango yeSahara, iintlabathi zihlasela isixeko.
Ngapha koko, iingcali zikholelwa ukuba inokunyamalala phantsi kwayo malunga nonyaka ka-2100. Ngayiphi na imeko, iTimbuktu namhlanje sisixeko esikhulayo seemarike kunye nezinye iindawo zikawonke-wonke apho abantu abadumileyo badibana khona. iiberbers.
Kutheni sisiXeko sabaNgcwele be-333?
Isikhululo seenqwelomoya seSixeko sabaNgcwele abangama-333
Ukuchaza imvelaphi yeli gama, kufuneka sibuyele kwimbali yeTimbuktu. Impembelelo yenkolo yabangela ukuba, malunga namaXesha Aphakathi, abantu basemzini abangengawo amaSilamsi bathintelwa ukuba bangene esixekweni. Njengoko uya kuqonda, oku kube negalelo ekwandiseni i halo yemfihlakalo leyo yayingqonga de kwafika amaFrentshi ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Kodwa, malunga noku, asichasi ukukuxelela i-anecdote enomdla. Kwakudala ngaphambi koko, umntu osondeleyo kuthi wandwendwela iTimbuktu, Sikuxelela ngentsomi Ingonyama yomAfrika, owadlula kuyo ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ekwiphulo lozakuzo. Kwimeko apho lo mlinganiswa akavakala uqhelekile kuwe, siza kuthetha ngaye.
Wazalelwa eGranada ngo-1488 kwaye wayengomnye woonozakuzaku abaphambili bexesha lakhe. Emva kokunyanzelwa ukuba ahambe España, intsapho yakhe yahlala kwisixeko saseMorocco iFez. Wafumana imfundo ecokisekileyo yaye, njengomntu omdala, wakhonza kwinkosi yalo mmandla, etyhutyha inxalenye enkulu yelizwe. Afrika. Kodwa naye wahamba waya IMecca wa Yiputa.
Kolunye lohambo lwakhe, wabanjwa ngumntu wakowabo UPedro Cabrera kunye noBobadilla, unyana kaMarquis waseChinchón. Oku, ukubona ukuba yayingumntu obalulekileyo, kwenza ukuba ifumaneke kwi UPopu Leo X. en eRoma waguqukela kubuKristu, kodwa ngaphezu kwako konke, wabhala isikhumbuzo Inkcazo yeAfrika kunye nezinto eziphawulekayo ezikhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, siyaphambuka kwisihloko sethu: imvelaphi yegama leSixeko sabaNgcwele abangama-333.
Ngexesha lobungangamsha obukhulu beTimbuktu, kwakukho inani elikhulu lamagorha edolophini abanegalelo ekutyebiseni kwayo inkolo. Ngenxa yoko, ekufeni kwakhe baba abangcwele abakhuselayo yabemi kunye nemizimba yabo yafakwa kwizikhumbuzo ezahlukeneyo zale ndawo. Ngenxa yoko igama.
Kodwa, ekubeni sithetha ngale nto, nathi sifuna ukucacisa kutheni ibizwa ngokuba yiTimbuktu. Akucaci kwaye kukho iingcamango ezininzi malunga nayo. Eyona ixhaphakileyo eyamkelekileyo ithi lumanyano lwe tin, okuthetha indawo, kunye bhuktu. Eli lokugqibela ligama lelinye ixhegwazana laseMali elihlala kuloo mmandla. Xa bedlula kuyo, amaTuareg amnika izinto awayengasayi kuzifuna.
Ngesi sizathu, ukuba umntu wayebabuza ukuba babashiye phi, baphendule loo nto thini buktu, oko kukuthi endaweni yaseBuktu. Enye ithisisi ithetha into enye, kodwa ijika ixhegokazi libe likhoboka legama elifanayo. Nangona kunjalo, okubaluleke ngaphezu koku kukuba sikuxelele ngemimangaliso yeSixeko sama-333 abaNgcwele.
Yintoni onokuyibona eTimbuktu
Inkundla kwiYunivesithi yaseSankore
Okwangoku, esi sixeko sinabemi abamalunga namashumi amahlanu anesihlanu amawaka abemi. Kodwa, ukuba uyayindwendwela, into yokuqala eya kukumangalisa kukuba phantse yonke Yakhiwe ngeadobe kunye nodaka. Oku kuquka umdla wakhe omangalisayo Udonga iikhilomitha ezintlanu. Kwakunengqiqo kunikwe ukuba yayiyeyona nto ixhaphakileyo kule ndawo.
Kodwa kukho into ebaluleke ngakumbi malunga nelifa lemveli le-Timbuktu. Kumxholo we Imfazwe yaseMali, isixeko sawela ezandleni zeqela labanqolobi elathi watshabalalisa izikhumbuzo zalo ezininzi ngokungathi azimhloneliyo. Amaziko amakhulu enkcubeko kwihlabathi acela ukuba imimangaliso yedolophu ihlonishwe, kodwa yonke into yayingenamsebenzi.
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezikhumbuzo zalo ziye zalondolozwa. Makhe sithethe ngezinye zezona zibalaseleyo.
Iimosque zeSixeko sabaNgcwele abangama-333
I-Djingareyber Mosque, enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwiSixeko sabaNgcwele be-333
Ngexesha lokuphumelela kwakhe, uTimbuktu weza iimosque ezilikhulu elinamashumi asibhozo apho kunomtsalane ngakumbi. Abaninzi abasekho. Kodwa, phakathi kwezo ziseleyo, eyona ibalaseleyo I-Djingareyber's. Yakhiwa ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesine (unyaka we-1327) yenye indoda eyayidumileyo yaseGranada, nangona ingaphantsi komAfrika. Imalunga nomyili wezakhiwo Ishaq Es Saheli.
Yiyo yodwa esixekweni evuleleke kubantu abangengawo amaSilamsi kwaye inemilinganiselo emangalisayo. Ukukunika umbono, inezitendi ezintathu zangaphakathi, iintsika ezingaphezulu kwamashumi amabini ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye neeminarethi ezimbini, kodwa, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, inendawo yokuthandaza enomthamo wabantu abangamawaka amabini. Ikwanjalo omnye kwaba bathathu idrasah okanye amaziko okufunda eYunivesithi yaseSankore kwaye ibambe ukuqatshelwa kweLifa leMveli leHlabathi.
Ngokufanelekileyo i Sankore mosque Yenye into ekufuneka uyibone kwiSixeko sabaNgcwele abangama-333. Kwimeko yakhe, yakhiwa malunga nonyaka we-1300, nangona yaphinda yakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Emva koko kwenziwa ngendlela yokuba i-patio yayo ibe nemilinganiselo efanayo iKaaba okanye iNdlu kaThixo IMecca. Ngokukwanjalo, inqaba yayo ekhethekileyo ibalasele apho kuphuma izibonda zomthi ezaziwa ngokuba zii-torones. Injongo yezi zinto ayinakuba lula ngakumbi. Basebenza njengamanyathelo okufikelela phezulu kwaye ngaloo ndlela bakwazi ukuyibuyisela xa i-adobe igugile.
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, i-mosque yesithathu enkulu yaseTimbuktu Sidi Yahya's, enegama layo kwi-imam yokuqala eyalathisayo nongcwatyelwe kuyo. Ugqalwa, ngokuchanekileyo, njengomnye wabangcwele ebesibhekisa kubo ngaphambili. Kwimeko yakhe, i-mosque yakhiwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu kwaye yathatha iminyaka engamashumi amane ukuyigqiba.
Amathala eencwadi aseTimbuktu
Iziko loxwebhu lika-Ahmed Baba
Omnye umtsalane omkhulu weSixeko sabaNgcwele abangama-333 seso senziwe ngamathala eencwadi awohlukeneyo. Phakathi kwabo, bambalwa kuphela abaseleyo, njengaye iAndalusian okanye Ahmed Baba Documentation Centre. Lo mva wayeyingqondi enkulu yaseSahara eyayiphila phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX kwaye esishiyele iincwadi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amane.
Kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba, ngokuchanekileyo, sithetha nawe malunga ne Imibhalo-ngqangi yaseTimbuktu ezibekwe kula mathala. Uninzi lwazo lugciniwe ngenxa yokuba lukhutshiwe esixekweni ekufikeni kweqela eloyikekayo leJihadist i-Ansar Dine ukuba libasa. Bamako. Ngethamsanqa, bakwazi ukuzisindisa kwintshabalalo abayibangelayo.
La ngamawaka amaxwebhu aphakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX gcina ubulumko oko kwakukwiSixeko sabaNgcwele be-333 ngamaxesha aphakathi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, bajongana nezona zihloko ezahlukeneyo. Kukho ezo zijongene nokuhamba kweeplanethi, malunga nokuba imfundo yabantwana kufuneka ibe njani kunye nezifo ezithile kunye nonyango lwabo. Kodwa abanye bajongana nemicimbi yezopolitiko, izibalo kunye nokubalisa ngeehambo eziya eTshayina.
Akuyomfuneko ukuba siyicacise ukubaluleka kwenkunzi yale mibhalo-ngqangi yembali yolwazi. Ngendlela, kwiminyaka yakutshanje inkqubo iqalisile ukuzifaka kwidijithali ukuze bangaze babe semngciphekweni kwakhona. Iyayinyamekela Umbutho weSavama, owayekwajongene nokubakhusela xa beshiya iTimbuktu.
Ukuqukumbela, sikubonise into onokuthi uyindwendwele kwi Isixeko sabangcwele abangama-333. Njengoko besinixelele, ambalwa amatye ezikhumbuzo aseleyo kule dolophu ineminyaka eliwaka ubudala kunye nodaka ngenxa yentshabalalo yabavukeli ababeyithathile ngo-2012. Kodwa iTimbuktu isalondoloza. umtsalane kunye nemfihlelo ibisoloko injalo kwabasentshona. Yiba nesibindi sokudibana naye.
Yiba ngowokuqala ukuphawula