Sudan lilizwe laseAfrika elinemihlaba emihle. Ayisiyondawo yabakhenkethi ngomntu ngamnyeOku ngakumbi kubahambi kunye nabahambi ngaphandle koloyiko, kodwa ukuba ukule qela ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo iSudan izokucela umngeni.
Ke namhlanje siza kubona injani iSudan kwaye singenza ntoni kuyo, ukuba singayifumana i-visa kwaye sihambe kuyo.
Sudan
Afrika lilizwekazi elityebileyo elihlala liqhutywa ngamagunya aseYurophu. La mazwe anezizwe ezixhobileyo nezixhobileyo, zimanyaniswe ngabantu abanyanzelekileyo kangangeenkulungwane, zikhuthaza iimfazwe zamakhaya, ukubhukuqa umbuso kunye noluhlu olude lweentlekele ezingaphelanga kakuhle kwilizwekazi ngokubanzi.
Sudan ngumzekelo. Xa amazwe okoloniyali ahlula iAfrika abumba iSudan ngokubandakanya amaSilamsi avela emantla kunye nalawo avela emazantsi, kancinci ngokufanayo. Yiyo loo nto udabi lasekuhlaleni ibisoloko isenzeka ixesha elide, yiyo loo nto ngo-2011 iSouth Sudan yazimela. Iimbambano zaqhubeka entshona kwaye kuphela kunyaka ophelileyo kwaphela ubuzwilakhe beminyaka elishumi.
Njengawo onke amaAfrika ISudan inemihlaba eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka ezintabeni ukuya kwii-savanna, ezidlula kwiintetho. Kwakhona ibalulekile iyantlukwano kwinkcubeko kwaye kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba lilizwe lezikumkani zamandulo. Namhlanje Yahlulwe yangamacandelo amahlanu: iziko, iDarfur, empuma, iKurdufan kunye nomantla.
UMbindi weSudan ugxile kwezopolitiko, kwezoqoqosho nakwinkcubeko kuba nantsi ikomkhulu, iKhartoum. Isixeko kulapho iBlue Nile kunye ne-White Nile zidibana khona. Sisixeko esikhulu esenziwe yimanyano yezixeko ezithathu ezahlulwe yiNayile kunye neengalo zayo ezimbini. IKhartoum yenye yazo, isihlalo sikarhulumente, kwaye elona candelo lidala lihleli elunxwemeni lwe-White Nile, ngelixa ezona ndawo zintsha zihlala emazantsi.
Ukutyelela iSudan udinga i-visa, ewe ewe, kuya kufuneka udlule kwi-consulate okanye kwi-ambassy ukuze uyenze. Ukuba uyayifumana kwaye ungena kweli lizwe ngeKhartoum kodwa ucwangcise ukuqhubela phambili, kuya kufuneka ubhalise kwaye uqhubekeke nemvume ekhethekileyo, nje ukuba ufike. Oko kukuthi, kwiintsuku ezintathu ezizayo ukususela ekufikeni kwakho kufuneka ubhalise emapoliseni, kwaye ungayenza ngqo kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya ukuze uyisuse.
Ukwazi nokutyelela ikomkhulu kufuneka usebenzise iiteksi, iiteksi okanye izithuthuthu ezithuthuthu. Akukho zikhephe zeeteksi zidibanisa iidolophu kunye neendawo ezingasemlanjeni, kuphela isikhephe esidibanisa iKhartoum neTuti Island, embindini weBlue Nile. Ukuhamba kunzima kuba kukho izixeko ezithathu kwaye xa zidibene zikhulu. Kodwa ungabona ntoni kwikomkhulu? Ungahamba i Isitalato iNile, elunxwemeni lweBlue Nile, engqongwe zizakhiwo zekoloniyali, IMyuziyam kaZwelonke, imithi nabantu abaninzi abahambahamba.
Kuya kufuneka undwendwele Imyuziyam yaseSudan kaMongameli, kwiigadi zeNdlu kaMongameli, i Ukutshintsha koNogada, umsitho owenziwa ngolwesiHlanu wokuqala wenyanga nganye, indibano yeeNayile ezimbini, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Al-Mogran, enokubonwa kwibhulorho yentsimbi kwaye ngokwento abayithethayo unokukwazi ukwahlula umahluko kumbala phakathi kwezi zimbini (ewe, akukho zifoto kuba ngubani owaziyo ukuba kutheni kungavumelekanga), kukho Ipaki yosapho yeAl-Mogran, kwintengiso ye USouq Arabi, inkulu, Amangcwaba eMfazwe ye-Commonwealth, ngamangcwaba ama-400 ama-Bhritane asweleka kwi-Campaign ye-Mpuma ye-Afrika ka-1940-41, nangona ekho nangenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Esixekweni umdurman Kukwakhona nentengiso enkulu, iCasa del Kalifa, ngoku iyimyuziyam kunye Umsitho womdaniso weSufi, enemibala, ifanelwe kakhulu ukufotwa. Sele kumantla eBahri, ungangqina umcimbi wokulwa, umlo weNuba, kunye nemakethi yaseSaad Gishra. Ngaphandle koko emva kwemini unokuba nayo iti kwiNayile avenue, zininzi izindlu zeti kunye neefestile okanye ukutya ngaphandle. Ukuba lilizwe elinamaSilamsi ukufumana utywala kunzima kunokwenzeka ukuba uyakuba ngumthengisi we teetot ngexesha lokuhlala kwakho.
Ngoku, ngokuqinisekileyo awuzange ucinge ngeSudan nje ukwazi ikomkhulu layo. Inyani yile yokuba impucuko apha ibinamawaka eminyaka ubudala kwaye ibililizwe lezikumkani ezininzi, eyona inamandla kuzo ibe bubukumkani baseNapata, phaya kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC.Kwalandela ke ubukumkani baseMerowe kunye nobukumkani baseNubian, UmKristu, ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD kunye nezikumkani zamaSilamsi. Iimpawu zezi zikumkani zisabonakala nanamhlanje kwaye zininzi iindawo zezinto zakudala phakathi komntla nomzantsi welizwe.
Masibone, phakathi kwe indawo zo khenketho into enayo iSudan Sayi, Isiqithi esikumazantsi e-cataract yesibini kunye neetempile, amatye ezikhumbuzo kunye namangcwaba ukusuka kwi-Stone Age yokuqala kunye nexesha le-Pharaonic, kude kufike ukufika kobukhosi base-Ottoman. Sadingah Ijolisa kwilifa lepharaonic nangona kukho into yezobukumkani beMeroetic kunye neNapatan. soleb enjalo. Vula I-Tumbus Imibhalo yase-Egypt ifunyenwe ematyeni kufutshane nekati yesithathu.
Enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zakudala eSudan yiKarma. Kukho izakhiwo ezinkulu apha kwaye yonke into ibuyela kwinkulungwane yesithathu ye-BC. Taboo Kuse-Argo Island, emazantsi e-cataract yesithathu, kwaye iqulethe itempile yaseKushite kunye nezinto zakudala ezithandana nexesha lamaMeroetic namaKristu. I-Kawa injengesipili sase-Egypt kuyilo, ikwanjalo Dongola, ikomkhulu lobukumkani bobuKristu baseNubian, EMayuria, enemosque eyayisakuba yicawa, amabhotwe, amangcwaba kunye nezindlu ezindala.
Idolophu enkulu yezenkolo yoBukumkani baseNapata yayinguJebel Al-Barka kwaye ikufuphi nengxangxasi yesine. Nantsi ke amabhotwe, iitempile, iiphiramidi kunye namangcwaba avela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwexesha likaFaro, uNapatan kunye neMeroetic. Indawo yeNuri iqulethe iiphiramidi kunye namangcwaba asebukhosini avela kubukhosi baseNapatan. Inkqubo ye- Amangcwaba eAl-Kuru Bayaziwa kakhulu, kunye namatye abo ahonjisiweyo ookumkani bokuqala bakaNapatan.
Kwicala lakhe i Indawo yeAl-Ghazali Kukwi-oasis eBayoudah kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka kwisixeko saseMerowe kwaye iqulethe izinto ezivela kwixesha lamaKristu. IMerowe uqobo lwayo lilikomkhulu lobukumkani baseKush njengoko kunjalo iiphiramidi, iitempile kunye nemifanekiso kuba yayisisixeko sokwenene. Indawo entle yokufota Mthubi waseMusawarat, indawo eyayiyindawo yonqulo eyaqala kwixesha leMeroetic kwaye ibhale iitempile kunye nesakhiwo esikhulu selitye.
Ukuhamba ngokuzimeleyo kulo lonke elaseSudan akukho lula kwaye andazi nokuba ayikhuthazi na. Eyona nto ilungileyo yile bhukisha ukhenketho Kuba ukutyelela iindawo ezingekho kwimephu yabakhenkethi kunokuba nzima kwaye kuzise iingxaki kunezisombululo. Yintoni egqithisile, ISudan ayinaso isiseko esifanelekileyo somhambi ozimeleyo. Nokuba uqesha ukhenketho, i-arhente inokulawula ezinye ze-isa kuwe, yenza isicelo sokuba zisiwe kuwe kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya, umzekelo.
Un ukhenketho oluqhelekileyo Iqala ngo Khartoum kwaye uqhubeke nokuhamba uye emantla, uye entlango, ubheke kwi Dongola mdala, phakathi phakathi kwekomkhulu laseSudan kunye nomda wase-Egypt. Yintliziyo yobuKristu eSudan. Akuqhelekanga ukuba le ndawo ingenanto, nangona ibaluleke kakhulu, ngoko iyanqabisa. Ukhenketho luyaqhubeka ngosuku olulandelayo ngo Kush, Umhlaba waseNubian phakathi kweengxangxasi zokuqala nezesine zeNayile.Ikomkhulu lobukumkani obudala baseKush apha ngamabhodlo eKerma, indawo enkulu nenhle yezinto zakudala.
Ukhenketho luyaqhubeka Ilali yaseWawa Ukuchitha ubusuku kwaye undwendwele iTempile yaseSoleb ekuzeni kokusa, uhamba ecaleni konxweme lomNayile phakathi kwemithi yesundu, uthatha isikhephe esincinci kwaye wenza indlela phakathi kwamasimi atyalwe ngengqolowa de ufike etempileni ukusuka apho ilanga lihluza khona kwiikholamu zalo. Le tempile yakhiwa ngu-farao u-Amenotep III, ikwangulo mntu waseka iTempile yaseLuxor, kwaye nangona ithobekile, intle kwaye iphantse yabangumlingo.
Kukho nezi Iiphiramidi zikaNuri, batyelelwa kusuku lwesithathu lohambo oluqhelekileyo, phakathi kweendunduma, ezakhiwe phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX BC, oyena mdala e-Old Nubia. Ilandelwa kwangolo suku lunye ngotyelelo intaba engcwele yeJebel Barkal, kunye nemibono emangalisayo yeNayile, iipiramidi kunye neetempile.
Ukusukela ngo-2003 kunjalo Ilifa leMveli ngokulungileyo. Okokugqibela, ukhenketho luyaqhubeka kwaye lusazise Iiphiramidi zaseMeroe, Izakhiwo ezingama-200 ezintle ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-2500, indawo enomlingo, itempile yaseMusawarat yiSufra kunye namatye ayo aqingqwe njengezilwanyana kunye netempile yaseNaqa entlango.
Inyani yile yokuba, njengoko iSudan ingeyiyo indawo yabakhenkethi kukho uncwadi oluncinci malunga nelizwe kunye nobuncwane balo, kodwa ukuba unomdla kwaye uthanda ukuba yedwa wedwa phakathi kwamabhodlo, ongafuniyo, ungathandabuzi ukuhlela uhambo olumangalisayo kweli lizwe elimangalisayo kunye nembali.