Ngiyawuthanda kakhulu umlando futhi yize ngikhangwa yiGibhithe, ngithakazeliswa kakhulu yimpucuko yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi yasendulo, abase-Asiriya abaphakathi kwabo.
Impucuko yase-Asiriya yazalwa futhi yathuthukiswa phakathi komaphakathi weBronze Age kanye ne-Iron Age esekupheleni, esigodini somfula iTigrisi, iFertile Crescent eyaziwayo. Kuncane okusasele kokwakhiwa kwayo, kepha kuze kube namuhla zisindile ezinhle izinzuzo ezisivumela ukuba sazi leli dolobha elidumile.
Abase-Asiriya
Ukwenza ukufundwa kweBhayibheli ngokomlando abase-Asiriya bacatshangelwa ukuthi baphuma komunye wabazukulu bakaNowa, u-Assur. Manje, lapho umuntu azi ukuthi indaba kaNowa isezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ubudala nokuthi kunenye indaba efanayo edlala i-Utnapishtin ethile ... izinto ziyashintsha futhi lezo ziqephu kuze kube manje esikhathini zigubuzelwe ngendlela engaqondakali.
Kubuye kuthiwe inhloko-dolobha yase-Asiriya cishe cishe bonke laba bantu, idolobha lase-Assur, laqanjwa ngegama likankulunkulu cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane yesithathu BC. I-Assur, i-Asiriya, lapho inguqulo yeBhayibheli ingemuva kwesikhathi futhi inokuthile okuphathelene nokukhula kobuKristu endaweni.
Iqiniso ukuthi abase-Asiriya babengamaSemite ekuqaleni ababekhuluma isi-Acadian kuze kube yilapho kwamukelwa kamuva ulimi olulula lwesi-Aramu. Izazi-mlando zikhuluma ngazo izinkathi ezintathu ezinkulu zase-Asiriya: i-Old Kingdom, i-Empire kanye ne-Late Empire, noma ngabe kunomehluko maqondana nalokhu kwehlukaniswa.
Abavumelana ngakho bonke yilokho uMbuso Wase-Asiriya wawungomunye wemibuso emikhulu eMesophothamiya ngezinga lentuthuko elakubonisayo ngokwanda koMbuso nokwandiswa kwezempi. Ubuciko base-Asiriya?
Ubuciko base-Asiriya
Lapho idolobha lithuthuka, ubuciko bungesinye sezisho zalokho kuthuthuka. Endabeni yobuciko base-Asiriya siyakwazi kulokhu okuvele emanxiweni amadolobha ahlukene aseMesopotamiya.
Abavubukuli bathole izinsalela zamathempeli, izigodlo kanye namadolobha futhi ngalokho kwaziwa ukuthi Ubuciko base-Asiriya bukhombisa ukukhula okugcwele kukakhokho wabo, ubuciko bamaSumeriya. Inkinga ngokwakhiwa kule ngxenye yomhlaba ukuthi basebenzise i-adobe eningi ngoba amatshe nezinkuni kwakuyizinto eziyindlala, ngakho-ke ukusinda kwabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kubi kakhulu.
Inhlanhla yilokho ezinye izinto eziqoshwe e-Asiriya zenziwe ngamatshe ngakho-ke labo bangena ezandleni zanamuhla. Ekwakheni izakhiwo bebonke basebenzise i-adobe nezisekelo zamatshe kodwa izindonga zangaphakathi noma zangaphandle zazivame ukuhlotshiswa ngamatshe abhalwe ngokuqoshwa nemidwebo Babekhuluma ngombuso nangokunqoba kwawo.
Itshe elivela endaweni liwalungele la macwecwe kodwa libi ekwenzeni izithombe ezibaziweyo ngakho-ke kunezibonelo ezimbalwa zalobu bunye ubuciko, kepha abase-Asiriya bafunda ukusika itshe libe ngamacwecwe amancane yingakho ama-bas-reliefs e-limestone noma e-alabaster, itshe elimhlophe eligcwele eTigris), yibo esibabona kakhulu.
Izithonjana zase-Asiriya
Okugcwele kakhulu yi-bas-reliefs futhi lawa angaphandle anezindikimba zezwe, okungukuthi, azihlangene nakancane nenkolo yase-Asiriya. Bamele ukunqoba kwezempi, izigcawu zasendle, izilwane, impilo yezempi, njalonjalo.
Uma uya eLondon uzobona esinye sezisetshenziswa ezinhle kakhulu zase-Asiriya. IBritish Museum ineqoqo elicebile lemifanekiso yase-Asiriya futhi phakathi kwabo kuvela lokho kwamabili amabhubesi, owesilisa nowesifazane, befa. Kutholakale emanxiweni eSigodlo saseNineve futhi bekuyingxenye yesigcawu esikhudlwana. Kukholakala ukuthi yenziwa cishe ngonyaka we-668 BC ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-Assurbanipal.
Eqinisweni, amanxiwa aseNineve abe yinkwali enhle yobuciko base-Asiriya nakuwo lowo mnyuziyamu kukhona okunye ukukhululeka okubizwa ngokuthi Umoya Wokuvikela okuvela esigodlweni sase-Assurbanipal II, soMbuso Wamuva, futhi okukholelwa ukuthi ukuhlobisa amafulethi enkosi yangasese: indoda enamaphiko kukholakala ukuthi iyi-apkallu, isidalwa esingaphezu kwemvelo esichazwe emibhalweni ye-cuneiform, nesigqoko sokuzivikela, isudi ende, amadevu, intshebe nezinwele ezinde.
Ngenkathi ukukhululeka kwangaphandle kungobuciko obungcolile izithonjana ezihlobisa izindonga zangaphakathi zezigodlo ikakhulu zimele impilo endlini, kumnandi ngokwengeziwe. Kwesinye isigodlo, esaseKhorsabad, ngokwesibonelo, kutholakale ngaphezu kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ezinsiza ezinamadoda, amahhashi nezinhlanzi, ezenziwe ngendlela engacacile, ngaphandle kobuhle obungaka.
Kumele kushiwo lokho la umbono wokubuka awukho kubuciko base-Asiriya okwamanje buthuthukiswe kakhulu nobukhulu bezibalo bungahluka lapho umculi enentshisekelo yokubeka umusho. IBritish Museum inezithombe eziningi ezisezingeni eliphakeme zase-Asiriya, kanye ne- Ukuvinjezelwa Nokuthunjwa KweLakishi kungenye okufanele uyibone.
Leli thimba litholakale eSanherib Palace, eNineveh, enyakatho yendawo manje eyi-Iraq, futhi lingelesikhathi sombuso waseLate. Kuyinto enhle isiqeshana se-alabhaster ka-182 x 880 cm.
Kuyingxenye yomhlobiso wangaphakathi wesigodlo seNkosi uSaneheribi owabusa phakathi kuka-704 no-681 BC futhi umele indlela amasosha ase-Asiriya ahlasela ngayo iLakishi ethwele isihlalo sobukhosi, izinqola nezinye izinto zenkosi phakathi komuzi.
Le nkathi yomlando wase-Asiriya ijabulisa kakhulu njengoba yayinjalo Phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX amakhosi ase-Asiriya anqoba iPersian Gulf kanye nemingcele yaseGibhithe. Ngaleso sikhathi bakha amabhilidi amakhulu, njengesigodlo sale nkosi, eNineve, futhi kuvela emanxiweni alo muzi lapho kuvela khona ingcebo enkulu yamaNgisi.
Hlala ukhumbula lokho le midwebo yase-Asiriya ekuqaleni yayipendwe ngemibala, bambalwa kakhulu abasindile futhi bavumela abanye ukuqagela, kodwa futhi ukwakheka bekujwayele ukufana namahlaya anamuhla: ukuqala, maphakathi kanye nokuphela kulo lonke udonga.
Aqoshwa izingcweti ngamathuluzi wensimbi nethusi. Abavubukuli bacabanga ukuthi izinsizakusebenza zangaphandle zazivikelwe ngopende noma ivanishi ethile ngoba itshe liguguleka kalula yimvula nomoya. Futhi, babengebodwa futhi behlobisa zazihlanganiswa nemidwebo eqoshiwe nezitini ezicwebezelisiwe.
Imidwebo yase-Asiriya ikholelwa bafinyelela inani labo eliphakeme ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe-Assurbanipal II, Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, kodwa isiko laligcinwa kuzo zonke izakhiwo zobukhosi ezisemadolobheni azalwa kamuva.
Namuhla singalazisa ifa lakhe eminyuziyamu yomhlaba, eBritish Museum ikakhulukazi, kodwa ngethemba lokuthi ngelinye ilanga singahamba ngokuthula siye eMiddle East size sihambe ezweni elifanayo nabase-Asiriya, abaseSumeriya nabanye abantu bakudala ababalulekile. Kungaba kuhle.