I-Acropolis, iyini

I-Acropolis yase-Athene

Sonke sizwile nge-Acropolis ye I-Atenas. Sesike safunda ngayo futhi sayivakashela. Kodwa, uke wazibuza ukuthi kungani yayikhona futhi wawuyini umsebenzi wayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizochaza konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana ne-a i-acropolis, kuyini Futhi yayinayiphi indima ezikhathini zasendulo? Khona-ke, sizokutshela mayelana nabanye abadume kakhulu.

I-Acropolis Lisho "idolobha phezulu" ngesiGreki. Futhi, ngempela, kwakuyizindawo eziphakeme kakhulu zamadolobha amaGreki. Izakhamuzi zakhona zakudala zazihlala kulezo zingxenye eziphakeme nezingumqansa ukuze zizivikele kangcono ekuhlaselweni kwezitha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amadolobha anda aba ezindaweni eziphansi. Kodwa abantu bakhona bagcina i-acropolis iphephela ngezikhathi zempi ngokumelene nabanye amaphoyisa omakhelwane Ngokulandelayo, ngenxa yesimo sabo esikhethekile kanye neminyaka yabo, bahlala izakhiwo ezifanekisela kakhulu futhi kwakuyindawo yemihlangano ebalulekile. Uma yonke into nge-acropolis isichazisiwe, ukuthi iyini nokuthi ibisetshenziselwa ini, sizokukhombisa ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu.

I-Acropolis yase-Athene

I-Acropolis yase-Athene

I-Acropolis yase-Athene

Ngaphandle kokungabaza, idume kakhulu emhlabeni. Minyaka yonke ivakashelwa izigidi zezivakashi ezibuyayo zikhangwe ubukhosi bayo. Endabeni yakhe, isegqumeni elingamamitha ayikhulu namashumi amahlanu ukuphakama. Njengelukuluku, sizokutshela ukuthi yaziwa nangokuthi Ikhophi, ngokuhlonishwa kwenkosi yokuqala yase-Athene: inyoka edumile uCrecope.

Ngoba imvelaphi ye-Acropolis yase-Athene ingeyakudala. Eqinisweni, kuyaziwa, kusukela ezinsalela ezitholakele, ukuthi kwakukhona endala mycenaean enkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka ngaphambi kukaKristu kanye nenye yakudala, cishe, ekhulwini lesithupha ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. Nokho, le esiyaziyo namuhla ngeye- isigaba classical yempucuko yamaGreki. Ngokusekelwe kwedlule, yakhiwe kabusha ngu Pericles (495-429 BC), owaphathisa ukwakhiwa kwayo kubaculi ababalulekile njengomkhulu Phidias, umdali wezithombe eziqoshiwe zeParthenon edumile. Futhi lokhu kusiholela ekukhulumeni ngokwakhiwa kwayo okuyizifanekiselo kakhulu.

IParthenon

I-Parthenon

I-Parthenon edumile e-Acropolis yase-Athene

Sisanda kuqala ngalo msebenzi omkhulu. Abadwebi bayo babe Ama-callicrates e Ictinus, okungenzeka ukuthi yayisebenzisa izisekelo zethempeli elidala elibizwa ngokuthi I-Hecatompedon. Ithatha indawo ecishe ibe ngamamitha angamashumi ayisikhombisa namashumi amathathu futhi izungezwe amakholomu angaphezu kweshumi ukuphakama. Futhi, iku-plinth efinyelelwa ngezinyathelo ezintathu.

Ngaphakathi, ihlukaniswe ngamakamelo amabili azimele. Esempumalanga inkulu futhi amakholomu e-Doric aqinile ahlukanisa ama-nave ayo amathathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakuyiyona eyayihlala i- umfanekiso odumile we-athena yenziwe ngu Phidias ngegolide nezinyo lendlovu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, entshonalanga inamakholomu e-Ionic futhi yayimiselwe ukugcina ingcebo kankulunkulukazi. Nokho, ithempeli iningi Doric, nakuba kukhona isici sokuqala esivelele.

Sikhuluma nawe mayelana i-frieze enkulu elisodongeni lomkhumbi. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, asikho isakhiwo sikaDoric esasisebenzise leyo ndawo ukuyibeka. Kunoma yikuphi, i-frieze ingenye yobuciko obuhle kakhulu Phidias. Ebudeni bawo amamitha ayikhulu namashumi ayisithupha ubude, waqopha ingqikithi yabantu abangama-378 nezilwane ezingama-245 zemabula.

I-Erechtheion ye-Acropolis

I-Erechtheum

i-erechtheion

Nge-tribune yayo edumile (noma stoa) ebanjwe ngabayisithupha izithombe ze-cayatids, ingesinye sezakhiwo ezaziwa kakhulu e-Acropolis. Liyithempeli elinikezelwe konkulunkulu UPoseidon y Athena, kodwa nasenkosini yasenganekwaneni yase-Athene erectus, yingakho igama layo.

Lesi sakhiwo kuthiwa esakhiwe ngumakhi I-Menesicles, owalandela i-Ionic order yokuyakha ngemabula ukusuka eNtabeni iPentelico. Yayihloselwe ukugcina ezinye zezinsalela eziyigugu kakhulu kubantu base-Athene. Phakathi kwabo, i IPalladium, isithombe sokhuni sika-Athena, ngokusho kwenganekwane, esasiwe sisuka esibhakabhakeni. Amakhosi nawo angcwatshwa khona I-Crecope nezakhe erectus. Ngisho nendodakazi kamufi. I-PandrosusYayinendlu yokukhonzela.

Ezinye izakhiwo ze-Acropolis yase-Athene

Ithempeli lika-Athena Nike

Ithempeli lika-Athena Nike

Kunezinye izakhiwo eziningi ezibalulekile e-Acropolis, eziqala nge I-Propylaea, okwathi, namakholomu alo ayisithupha amakhulu e-Doric, akha isango lendawo ebiyelwe. Kufanele futhi uvakashele i- Ithempeli lika-Athena Nike, umsebenzi we Ama-callicrates kanye namafriezes ayo anikezelwe ezimpini zezokwelapha; i Ithempeli lika-Artemis Bauronia, negalari yayo engamamitha angamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili ubude eyayinomdwebo wethusi we IThrojani nehhashi, kanye nenkulu i-portico ye-eumenes, eyakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC.

Kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, igqamisa yaseshashalazini dionysus, ezibhekwa njengezindala emhlabeni. Yayinezigaba ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalombili ezihlukaniswe indawo eyindilinga kanye negalari yeziphathimandla. Ngaphambi kwabo kwakukhona i-orchestra futhi, ngokuqhubekayo, i-proscenium, inkundla ende lapho abadlali besebenza khona ngempela. Ekugcineni, kwaba ngemva kwesigameko, esasifana nesiteji sethu. Ababhali beshashalazi abakhulu bamaGreki, kusukela ingwejeje up I-Aristophanes, ukuhamba Sophocles y Ama-Euripides.

I-Acropolis yaseKorinte

I-Acropolis yaseKorinte

I-Acropolis yaseKorinte

Nakuba ingekho kangako eyase-Athene, yayibaluleke kakhulu nasezikhathini zasendulo. Kwakungenye ye-acropolises enkulu kunazo zonke eGrisi. Umsuka wayo uhlehlela emuva ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu futhi utholakala ubusa idolobha ukusuka entabeni ecishe ibe ngamamitha angamakhulu ayisithupha ukuphakama. Nokho, okuningi kwalokho ongakubona kulo akukona okwezikhathi zamaGreki noma amaRoma, kodwa okweNkathi Ephakathi.

Nokho, izisekelo zisekhona ithempeli le-aphrodite, isakhiwo esibaluleke kakhulu endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphakathi, kwakunomfanekiso kankulunkulukazi nezinye ze Eros y Helios, lomvikeli wokugcina waseKorinte. Kunalokho, waphuthelwa ngokuphelele Sisypheus, a tholos noma itshe lesikhumbuzo eliyi-semicircular okungenzeka ukuthi lalinikezelwe kulo Zeus uya Ares.

Kodwa sekutholakele umthombo wasePyrenees, kuyiqiniso ukuthi ngaphansi kwendlu yaseRoma. Ngokusobala, eduze kwakhe kwakunomfanekiso kankulunkulu Apollo futhi, ngokusho kwenganekwane, kulapha lapho uBellerophon ekwazile ukuthambisa ihhashi Pegasus.

Aso Acropolis

I-Aso's Theatre

I-Aso Acropolis Theatre

Lapho abacwaningi beqala ukutadisha umsebenzi womlando we-acropolis, ukuthi yayiyini nokuthi yayisetshenziselwa ini, ngokushesha baqaphela ukuthi yayibaluleke kakhulu ekuhleleni amadolobha edolobha. IGrisi yakudala. Lokhu kungabonakala nase-acropolis yase-Aso, idolobha okungelalo njengamanje Turkey, kodwa lokho, e-Antiquity, kwakungu-Helena.

Ngokusobala, yasungulwa futhi ngekhulu lesikhombisa ngaphambi kukaKristu, kodwa, kulokhu, izifiki zase-Aeolian ezivela. I-Mytilene. Nokho, ayizange imbiwe kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX ngabavubukuli baseNyakatho Melika. UJoseph Thacher y Francis H Bacon. Laba bathathe izingcezu eziningi ezitholakale ku I-Museum of Fine Arts, eBoston. Noma kunjalo, ungabona abanye ku- Louvre futhi ku I-Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Kepha, uma ubuyela e-acropolis yase-Asos, usengakwazi ukuvakashela izinsalela ze-Asos ithempeli lika-Athena, ngesitayela sayo samaDoric, izindonga zasendulo, i-necropolis, inkundla yokuzivocavoca kanye nenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseRoma. Ungavakashela futhi i-agora, owayene stoa noma i-tribune enezinsika, kanye ne bi-ouleuterion. Lesi sakamuva kwakuyindawo lapho izakhamuzi eziholayo zazihlangana khona ukuze zinqume izindaba ezibalulekile zomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, kuzoba into efana nezingqungquthela zamanje zamasekela, njengoba bekungamadolobha.

I-Acropolis yasePhergamoni

I-Acropolis yasePhergamoni

I-Acropolis yasePhergamoni

Futhi lo muzi wasendulo wamaGreki namuhla ungowawo Turkey. Futhi, ngokulinganayo, kuwo ungabona i-acropolis ebalulekile, kangangokuthi kunjalo Amagugu Emhlaba. I-axis yayo ephakathi kwaba Ithempeli lika-Athena Nikephoros, eyakhiwe ngokulandela izincwadi ze-Doric. Eceleni kwakhe kwakukhona Ilabhulali, okwathi, ngesikhathi saso, kwaba ngowesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni owaziwayo ngemva kwalowo we E-Alexandria. Futhi, engxenyeni esenyakatho, kwakukhona I-Royal Palace eduze kwe-arsenal kanye ne-barracks.

Kunalokho, eningizimu kwakukhona i-altare le-zeus ngokungangabazeki, kwakuyisikhumbuzo esiwumbukwane. Yayingamamitha angu-36 ubude nezingu-34 ububanzi futhi kwakungenwa kuyo ngezitebhisi ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsika eziqinile zazisekela usilingi, zihlotshiswe ngokufriza okwakumelela impi phakathi konkulunkulu nemidondoshiya.

Ngokufanayo, i-acropolis yasePhergamoni yayinendawo enkulu indawo yaseshashalazini Yayihlala abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Ethambekeni elingamamitha angama-38 yayinemigqa yamabhentshi engama-68. Futhi, engxenyeni yayo engezansi, yayixhumene nethala eliwumbukwane elalisetshenziselwa ukuhamba ngezinyawo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nakuba ingaseyona eye-acropolis, uma uyivakashela, futhi sikweluleka ukuthi uye I-Asclepion, eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba mane ukusuka edolobheni. Njengoba igama layo libonisa, kwakuyithempeli elinikezelwe kunkulunkulu Wezokwelapha (Asclepius). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izazi zalesi simiso zazihlangana lapho, kuhlanganise nabadumile UGalen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eduze kakhulu kukhona elinye ithempeli elincane elinikezelwe kulo I-Telesforo, inhlanzeko y I-Panacea, amadodana ka-Asclepius nonkulunkulu abancane Bezokwelapha.

Sengiphetha, sesichaze konke mayelana ne i-acropolis, kuyini nokuthi yayisetshenziselwa ini. Kodwa sikubonise okunye okubaluleke kakhulu kwe-Antiquity uma ufuna ukuwavakashela. Nokho, kumelwe sikutshele ukuthi, ngokwesandiso, noma yiliphi iqembu lezakhiwo zasendulo ezitholakala engxenyeni engenhla yamadolobha ngezinye izikhathi libizwa kanjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, labo of Bratislava, Edinburgh o IConstantinople. Ukuhamba kwesikhathi kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu kuma-acropolis, imisebenzi yobuciko yasemadolobheni, kodwa kuseyizindawo ezinomlingo. Alinge ukuya kubo futhi uzothola ukuthi kungani.


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