La I-Swiss Confederation, Switzerland, iyizwe eYurophu elisemngceleni Italy, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein kanye France. Umsuka wayo ubuyela emuva kumfelandawonye wezepolitiki wakudala weNkathi Ephakathi owakhiwa phakathi neminyaka ephakathi kuka-1300 no-1500.
ngokwezwe nepolitiki ihlukaniswe yaba ama-canton, namuhla 26, ngakho namuhla sizokhuluma ngabo: the izifunda zaseSwitzerland.
Izifunda zaseSwitzerland
Njengoba sishilo ngenhla ukwakheka kwamanje kweSwitzerland kuhlehlela emuva eNkathini Ephakathi. Phakathi kuka-1300 no-1300 i-Old Swiss Confederation yayikhona lapho, ngaphakathi koMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma.
Yakhiwe phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, endaweni emaphakathi yezwe lamanje, futhi yayihlanganisa iZürich neBern. Inyunyana phakathi kwezifunda zasemadolobheni nezasemaphandleni ezigodini zendawo emaphakathi ye-Alps, ehlanganiswe izithakazelo zezentengiselwano ezivamile, ayizange ibe namandla kakhulu, kodwa namanje. wakwazi ukujabulela isikhundla sezombangazwe nesomthethosisekelo esifana nesamadolobha ombuso noma izikhulu zezwe, ekhululekile egunyeni lamakhosi endawo, ukuba ngaphansi kwegunya eliqondile loMbusi Ongcwele WaseRoma.
Ekuqaleni kwakungekho ama-canton ayisishiyagalombili futhi benza kahle kakhulu ikhulunyaka. NgeMpi YaseBurgundi, phakathi kuka-1474 no-1477, ukungqubuzana phakathi komfelandawonye, abalingani bayo kanye nezinduna zaseBurgundy, amandla ayo asungulwa endaweni eyayibuswa kakhulu amaHabsburg kanye neFrance. Lokhu kunqoba, kodwa futhi nokwengeza ama-canton amaningi kwayishumi nantathu nokusho ukuthi akuthathi hlangothi eMpini Yeminyaka engu-30, kwenza lukhulu ukuqinisa iSwitzerland endala.
Nakuba bekuzimele, Kwaba ngo-1648 kuphela lapho yakhululeka khona ngokusemthethweni eMbusweni Ongcwele WamaRoma., ekupheleni kwaleyo mpi ende nokusayinwa kweSivumelwano SaseWestphalia. Inguqulo entsha ye-Swiss Federation yahlukanisa izigodi zaba amaKatolika namaReformed, okwaholela ezingxabanweni eziningi zangaphakathi eyanwebeka phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Ngaphezu kokungezwani kwezenkolo, kwakukhona nomehluko ekukhuleni nasekuphileni kahle kwezomnotho phakathi kwezigodi.
Njengenjwayelo: Izigodi zamaKatolika ngokuyinhloko zazingasemaphandleni futhi zizungezwe amadolobha amaProthestani, agxile kwezohwebo.. Izigodi ezinamandla kakhulu kwakuyiZürich neBern, amaProthestani. Njengoba izinkinga zingaxazululeki kwaba nezimpi zangaphakathi kodwa ukulungisa yonke into kwakungenakwenzeka, ngenxa yezithakazelo eziphikisanayo. kwadingeka ngilinde 1848, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-Revolutions ka-'48, ukuze umbuso waseSwitzerland wazalwa.
Kodwa livelaphi igama elithi Switzerland? Empeleni, kusukela Switzerland IsiNgisi, kodwa kufanele wazi ukuthi phakathi naleyo minyaka ekude umfelandawonye wawazi njenge-Eidgenossenschaft. Kamuva, izindawo zomfelandawonye zaqala ukwaziwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi Schweizerland noma Schwytzerland. Igama lesiNgisi elithi Switzerland laqala ukusakazwa maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ngokwengxenye yalo, igama "canton" inezimpande zayo ngekhulu le-1848 lesiFulentshi, futhi lalisho into efana nekhona noma umphetho. Igama laqala ukuvela njalo emibhalweni yesiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane nesiNgisi, futhi ngo-XNUMX igama lesiJalimane Canton yagcinwa ngokusemthethweni.
Futhi sinjani isimo namuhla emathafeni aseSwitzerland? Umthethosisekelo uyasho ukuthi i-canton ngayinye izimele, kodwa lobo bukhosi abukwazi ukuba ngaphezu komthetho wenhlangano. I-Confederation iyawagodla amandla amabutho ahlomile, uhlobo lwemali, isevisi yeposi nezokuxhumana, ukufuduka nokuthuthela kwelinye izwe, ilungelo lokukhoseliswa kanye nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, umthetho womphakathi nobugebengu, kanye namasiko.
I-canton ngayinye inomthethosisekelo wayo, inkantolo, amaphoyisa, amandla awo okuphatha kanye nawomthetho, nakuba wonke elandela uhlelo olujwayelekile. Wonke amandla namakhono iNhlangano engawafuni kuwumthwalo wama-canton. Ngakho, ngayinye iphathelene nenkonzo yezempilo yomphakathi, imfundo kanye nezintela, Ngokwesibonelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalinye lisungula ulimi lwalo olusemthethweni futhi lingavala izivumelwano namanye ama-canton kanye nezifunda ezingaphandle komfelandawonye.
Ama-canton esiwazi ngokuqinisekile kakhulu I-Zürich, Bern, Lucerne, Freiburg, Basel, St. Gallen, Ticino, Neuchâtel, Geneva and Jura. Ama-canton ayisithupha kwangu-26 akha umfelandawonye aziwa ngokuthi semi ama-canton, i-Basel noma i-Zürich amabili awo, isibonelo, kuyilapho amanye angama-20 aziwa ngokuthi ama-canton aphelele.
Lo mehluko ukhombisa ukuhlangana komlando kwalawo ma-semi-canton ayisithupha komunye nomunye, kodwa kusukela ngo-1848 wonke ama-canton ayalingana kukho konke, ngaphandle kokuthi ama-semi-canton akhetha kuphela ilungu elilodwa kuMkhandlu Wezifundazwe, futhi esimweni ukuba nenhlolovo edumile ivoti labo libalelwa kuhhafu wamanye ama-canton.
Ekugcineni siyakwazi lokho Kukhulunywa izilimi ezintathu eSwitzerland: isiFulentshi, isiJalimane nesiNtaliyane.. Isibonelo, isiJalimane sikhulunywa e-Basel, Appensell, Aargau, St. Gallen noma Zurich. IsiFulentshi sisemthethweni eBern, Freiburg, Geneva, Neuchâtel noma Valais kanti isiNtaliyane siseTicino naseGraubünden. Kucacile, kwamanye ama-canton kunolimi olusemthethweni olungaphezu kolulodwa, njengoba kwenzeka kuBern, Freiburg noma Geneva lapho ekhuluma isiJalimane nesiFulentshi ngokulinganayo.
Ngikushiyela olunye ulwazi:
- isifunda saseLemanique: ingxenye yeSwitzerland lapho kukhulunywa khona isiFulentshi kanye nesiJalimane. Kukhona iValais neGeneva, indlunkulu yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kanye neRed Cross. Ngokwengxenye yayo, i-Valais ingenye yezindawo ezinhle kakhulu, ezine-Matterhorn nezinye izintaba eziphakeme kakhulu, ezingaphezu kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-4 ukuphakama.
- enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeswitzerland: I-Basel-Landschaft, i-Basel-Stadt ne-Aargau zingama-canton amathathu kule ngxenye yezwe. I-Basel Inhloko-dolobha yamasiko yaseSwitzerland, eneminyuziyamu engaphezu kuka-40 kanye nedolobha elidala elihle. Indawo igcwele izinqaba zenkathi ephakathi nemvelo, ilungele imisebenzi yangaphandle.
- empumalanga Switzerland: Kunama-canton ayisikhombisa lapha futhi amaningi anezintaba kakhulu, njenge-Glaurus, i-Appenzell Ausserrhoden ne-Appensell Innerhoden, i-Sankt Gallen ne-Thurgau. Bonke banolimi lwabo olusemthethweni lwesiJalimane, kodwa isifunda saseGraubünden samukela izilimi ezintathu ezisemthethweni: isiJalimane, isiNtaliyane, nesiRomanesque.
- I-Mitteland: nakhu Berne, kanye neminyuziyamu yayo emikhulu. Kukhona futhi i-canton yaseSolothurn, iJura, iFriborg, iNeuchâtel…
- enkabeni yeswitzerland:Yilapho iLucerne ikhona nedolobha layo elidala elihle neNtaba iPilatus. kukhona futhi i-canton Schwyz, i-Nidwalden, i-Uri, i-Zug ne-Obwalden, amachibi namahlathi amaningi.
- I-Ticino: Yisifunda esiseningizimu kakhulu futhi yisona sodwa kuyo yonke imifelandawonye okukhulunywa kuyo isiNtaliyane ngokusemthethweni. Ijabulela isimo sezulu esimnandi saseMedithera, iphumula onqenqemeni lweLake Maggiore futhi iyingxenye ethile yezwe.