Ingabe ukuthakazelisa kuyakuthakazelisa? Akukona kwedolobha elikhulu lasentshonalanga elenziwe amafemu ezokwakha anamuhla. Ayikho eYurophu, ayikho eMelika. Kusezweni lama-Arab elibizwa ngokuthi Yemen, eNhlonhlweni Yase-Arabia.
Kubizwa umuzi shibam futhi ngenxa yalokhu kwakhiwa okuphezulu ukuthi kungene ohlwini lwe Amagugu Omhlaba ngonyaka odlule. Kuyidolobha lasendulo, elinamakhulu ambalwa eminyaka likhona, kepha lihlukaniswa namanye amadolobha asezingeni eliphakathi ngqo ngomgomo oqondile wokwakhiwa kwalo. Kubukeka njengedolobha lesimanje kepha lakhiwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Idolobha Elibiyelwe Elidala LaseShibam
Lo muzi ubizwa nangokuthi UShibam Hadramaut futhi yize sithi empeleni yisikhathi sangezikhathi zasendulo imvelaphi yayo indala kakhulu ngoba okokuqala lapho igama lalo livela embhalweni osekhulwini lesithathu leminyaka BC. Kwakuyinhloko-dolobha yoMbuso waseHadramawt, eyayikade ihlala esifundeni esiseningizimu yenhlonhlo yase-Arabia futhi esasiyisivikelo saseBrithani kwaze kwaba yilapho kukhishwa umbuso wase-Asia phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Idolobha lasendulo lisendaweni esentshonalanga emaphakathi, eduze nogwadule iRamlat al-Sab`tayn, esigodini. Ugwadule lunendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-26 ezinamagquma angahlanzekile awelelwa ngumgwaqo omkhulu ohlanganisa amanye amadolobha kule ngxenye yezwe. Shibam idolobha iphakama emaphethelweni ewa futhi itholakala endaweni ebalulekile yomzila wezinqola zempepho nezinongo ezazinqamula amathafa aseningizimu yama-Arab.
Iqiniso ngukuthi i-UNESCO ikubeke obala lokhu ngonyaka owedlule phakathi kwezindawo zayo zamagugu omhlaba ngoba inesakhiwo esihluke ngokuphelele. Phela, ziyizakhiwo ezakhiwe ngezitini zodaka futhi akusikho ukuthi kukhona eyodwa noma ezimbili, kodwa ukuthi zibaliwe namuhla cishe 500 futhi banayo a ukuphakama phakathi kwezindaba ezinhlanu neshumi nanye, esitezi ngasinye kunegumbi elilodwa noma amabili. Akukubi nge-Middle Ages Asia, akunjalo?
Kepha kungani abantu bakha lezi zinhlobo zezindlu kudala kangaka? Izazi-mlando ziyakusho lokho lolu hlobo lwezakhiwo lusebenzela ukuvikela abahlali ekuhlaselweni kwamaBedouin, makhosi asehlane. Idolobha eliqinile, elide, elincanyana libukeka kunzima kakhulu ukuhlasela, ukuhlala kulo nokuphanga kunelinye elivuliwe nelibanzi. Yize kuze kube namuhla lezi kuyizici zayo, kubonakala sengathi kwesinye isikhathi yayinezakhiwo ezicishe zibe ngamamitha angama-30 ukuphakama.
Ngakho-ke, ngesizathu esihle ngokuvamile yaziwa ngokuthi "idolobha elidala kunazo zonke emhlabeni" noma i- "IManhattan yasogwadule". Ubuhle obuyinqaba futhi obufisa ukwazi ukuthi, okufanele bugcinwe buvikelekile ekugugulekeni (khumbula izitini zodaka nendawo yazo maphakathi nogwadule), kumele uthintwe ngaso sonke isikhathi ngodaka olusha. Izendlalelo eziningi ngakho-ke kungumsebenzi oqhubekayo.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, abathengisi bafika kuleli dolobha bevela e-Asia balilungisa futhi kusukela lapho belilokhu landa ohlangothini lwaseningizimu laze lacishe lakha indawo entsha ebizwa nge-al-Sahil. Kepha ukushiywa kwesilawuli esidala sezikhukhula esasetshenziswa abalimi kanye nokugcwala ngokweqile kwezinhlelo zendabuko zokuthuthwa kwendle, lapho izinhlelo zesimanje zokuphakelwa kwamanzi zifika, kwagcina sekuletha izinguquko eziningi futhi akuzona zonke ezazizinhle.
Ngisho, ngaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi edlule nganginezakhiwo eziningi kunamanje. Kwenzeka ukuthi ngo-2008 lesi sigodi sathola isikhukhula futhi ezinye izakhiwo zagcina zibhidlikile ngenxa yomphumela wamanzi. Futhi ngemuva konyaka I-Al Qaeda ihlasele idolobha kunezela izinkinga. Kepha ukwakheka kwayo okuhle kufinyelele ngekhulu lama-XNUMX ngawo wonke umlingo walo: kuyisakhiwo sasemadolobheni esingunxande esinezakhiwo, imigwaqo nezikwele.
Kunjalo ine mosque, indala njengoba isukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX, futhi isigodlo eyakhiwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX, yize kwaziwa ukuthi le ndawo yayihlalwa ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSulumane. Yize leli dolobha lingasafani nalokho okwakuyikho ngaphambili, ukwakheka komhlaba kuhlala kucishe kufane namakhulu eminyaka adlule: idolobha lezakhiwo ezinde kakhulu onqenqemeni lwehlane, uzungezwe umhlaba obekelwe ezolimo. Uhlelo lwezomnotho oluye lwabekezela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi lubandakanya ukwenziwa okuqhubekayo kwezitini, isiko lasendulo lapho kungekho khona ukulandela kwezinye izingxenye zesifunda.
Yini imigomo ibhekelwe yi-UNESCO ukuhlonipha idolobha elidala laseShibam njengeNdawo yamaGugu Omhlaba? Yebo, miningi imizi ebiyelwe kodwa iShibam yinye kuphela: yiyona isibonelo esihle kunazo zonke futhi esidala kakhulu sokuhlala emadolobheni okuhleliwe futhi kusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwezitezi eziningi. Imele isibonelo esiphumelele kakhulu sokwakhiwa kwedolobha laseHadrami futhi ivela ethafeni elivame ukugcwala amanzi, ngakho-ke kuyinselelo yangempela.
Itholakala phakathi kwezintaba ezimbili ne- cishe kude ngokuphelele namanye amadolobhaIyamangaza futhi iyamangalisa indlela laba bantu abagcine ngayo amasiko abo futhi bazivumelanisa nezwe elingenamusa njalo. Izakhiwo zaseShibam aziwucolisanga umhlabathi futhi ukuzijabulisa kokwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwazo kuhlale kukhombisa impi phakathi kwemindeni enamandla yesifunda esikhathini esibucayi emlandweni wendawo, kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX, lapho ingcebo yezohwebo yaba namandla kwezepolitiki.
Okuhle kakhulu ukuthi lokhu kuqokwa kwe-UNESCO kuqinisekise ukugcinwa kwayo. Bekuvele kuvikelwe imithetho embalwa yase-Yemeni kepha manje kunohlelo lokulondolozwa emadolobheni lokuthi, uma luvunyiwe kulezi zinyanga, kufanele longe imali ukuze luhlale iminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa. Iqiniso lokuthi indawo eyiGugu Lomhlaba iphoqa iYemen ukuthi ibeke amabhethri.
Uma uzibuza ukuthi kunezivakashi eza eShibam Impendulo inguyebo: bahamba emigwaqweni yayo, bahlala kusihlwa bathathe izithombe ezingamakhulu nokuthi bangangena yini ezakhiweni. Azikho izinkulungwane, kepha kunabantu abakhuthazwa ukuthi baye e-Yemen. Okumangazayo kakhulu, ngokwemvelo.