Phakathi kweYurophu ne-Asia kunechibi lamanzi anosawoti elinegama elingaqondakali: I-Caspian Sea. Kuyinto ichibi elikhulu ngempela, elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, futhi igama lakhe lihlale lingikhumbuza amanoveli e-gothic, izindaba zama-vampire nezidalwa zasendulo.
ukuthola izimfihlo zoLwandle lweCaspian, namuhla.
I-Caspian Sea
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, iyichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, nge Indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-371 kanye nokujula okuphakathi kwamamitha angu-170, nakuba ubukhulu bufinyelela cishe amamitha ayinkulungwane. It wondliwa uMfula iVolga nezinye ezincane ezifana Emba, Ural River kanye Kura.
Lubizwa ngokuthi uLwandle lweCaspian ngokususelwa kubantu basendulo ababehlala endaweni, amaCaspians, futhi ngokwezazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba leli chibi. cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-30 ubudala futhi okungenani izigidi ezinhlanu nengxenye Akukho ukuphuma olwandle. Yiqiniso, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iye yaba namagama ahlukahlukene futhi kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX lapho yaqala khona ukufundwa ngokujulile yisayensi ehlukahlukene.
Khona-ke kwaziwa ukuthi njengoLwandle Olufile, uLwandle lweCaspian iyifa leMar Paretetis yasendulo. Lapho ishiywe ngaphandle kokungena olwandle ngenxa yokunyakaza okuhlukahlukene kwe-tectonic, yayizokoma. Namuhla, ngenxa yemisele yamanzi emifula, ngokwengxenye, enyakatho, inamanzi ahlanzekile. Yingakho namuhla usawoti enawo acishe abe ingxenye yesithathu yesilinganiso solwandle.
Namuhla iCaspian Sea ingumngcele wemvelo weRussia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan kanye neKazakhstan. Ugu lwayo alujwayelekile kakhulu, inamahosha amaningi, iziqhingi eziningi (esikhulu kunazo zonke isiqhingi sase-Ogurja Ada, esingamakhilomitha angu-47 ubude), futhi iningi alihlali muntu. Kungakhathaliseki lokho, iziqhingi zibalulekile ngokwezwe njenge bayizinqolobane zamafutha futhi labo abaxhashazwayo abakhululwa ekulimaleni kwemvelo.
Ulwandle lweCaspian lunamakhilomitha angama-740 ogwini lwase-Iran no-1894 e-Azerbaijan, 815 eRussia, 800 eKazakhstan kanye ne-1789 eTurkmenistan. Iwumthombo obaluleke kakhulu endaweni, nayo enesimo sezulu esomile futhi ngenxa yalokho isebenza njengendawo ebalulekile yokudlulisa amandla. Ukudoba kubalulekile lapha. Unyaka ngamunye, isibonelo, kubanjwa amathani angama-600 ezinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi ama-sturgeon.
ulwandle lweCaspian idume kakhulu nge-sturgeon caviar, ebiza kakhulu emhlabeni: emakethe ihluka phakathi 7 kanye nezinkulungwane eziyishumi zamadola ngekhilo. I-Caspian inikeza u-90% we-Beluga caviar emakethe. I-sturgeon iyinhlanzi yesithathu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, enkulu kunazo zonke emanzini ahlanzekile, futhi ingaphila iminyaka engu-120. Kukhulu futhi kumnandi. Kodwa-ke, ukuthi i-Beluga akuyona ukuphela kokukhipha i-Caspian, asikwazi ukukhohlwa i-Astra caviar kanye ne-Sevruga nayo ebizayo futhi emnandi.
Futhi akukho ukungqubuzana endaweni? Yebo, bekulokhu kunezingxabano, kodwa ngo-2018 kwasayinwa isivumelwano esibalulekile, isivumelwano somlando, eqinisweni, lapho uLwandle lweCaspian lwanikezwa isikhundla esikhethekile: akulona ulwandle noma ichibi futhi amanzi alo ahlukaniswa emanzini asendaweni, ezindaweni ezisetshenziswa kakhulu nasezindaweni zokudoba, nasezindaweni ezingaphansi kolwandle, ezicebe ngokwedlulele emithonjeni yemvelo (imiphongolo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50 kawoyela nezigidi ezengeziwe zegesi), izohlukaniswa. Ukuthula akubusi ngokuphelele kodwa isimo singcono kunakuqala.
Sinjani isimo sezulu lapha? INyakatho yeCaspian Sea ine Isimo sezulu sezwekazi izinga lokushisa elilinganiselwe, kuyilapho ingxenye ephakathi nendawo eseningizimu, lapho i-Iran, i-Azerbaijan ne-Turkemensitan ikhona, ifudumele. INingizimu-mpumalanga inakho ukuthinta kwe-subtropical futhi ugu olusempumalanga lunesimo sezulu esifudumele kakhulu ugwadule. Yilapho elina kakhulu khona.
Ukuvakasha oLwandle lweCaspian
Iqiniso liwukuthi amashumi eminyaka amaningi ezingxabano phakathi kwamazwe anogu olwandle lweCaspian akuzange kube lula ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni ethakazelisa kakhulu kuwo wonke umuntu: ezokuvakasha. Kodwa Ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano ngowezi-2018 kuwuthuthukise kakhulu umbono mayelana nalokhu futhi amanzi akhona manje asevulekele ezokuvakasha kanye nezikebhe zikanokusho.
Ngaphambi kobhubhane, ngo-2019, a umkhumbi omusha obizwa ngokuthi uPeter the Great ebizoba namakhabethe angu-115 anovulandi wangasese kanye namagumbi okunethezeka angu-12. Njengoba ilayisha abagibeli abangu-310, izoba ihhotela lezinkanyezi ezinhlanu elintantayo. Kwakufanele kube nohambo oluphakathi kolunye noma kabili ngesonto phakathi kwamazwe amahlanu asemngceleni weCaspian.
Kumelwe kushiwo, inketho ethakazelisa kakhulu kubathandi be-cruise asebekhathele ukuhamba ngomkhumbi e-Caribbean noma ama-fjords aseNorway noma oLwandle iMedithera. ubhubhane imise iphrojekthi futhi namuhla isimo asilula. Bengicwaninga udaba lwe-Caspian cruise futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuthola ulwazi olusha. Ake sithi isihloko sihamba kancane kancane.
Yebo ngithole ukuthi ngonyaka odlule, Iran, ngongqongqoshe wakhe wezokuvakasha, wamemezela lokho izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ezokuvakasha zasolwandle zingasheshiswa, ukuhlobanisa izinkampani ezingaphansi kukaphethiloli nezinkampani zemikhumbi ukunciphisa izindleko zamathikithi olwandle nokwandisa ezokuvakasha kulowo mkhakha, noma ukutshala imali eyengeziwe ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda ogwini oluseningizimu yezwe, kungakhohlwa inyakatho nokuhlukanisa imizila yasolwandle inhloso enkulu yokuheha abavakashi abayizigidi ezingama-20 ngonyaka ngo-2025.
Amanye amaqiniso ngoLwandle lweCaspian
- I-Los ama-caspians Kwakuyisizwe esimhlophe esihlala kule ndawo kusukela ngenkulungwane yesibili BC. C kuya enkathini yakwaSassanid.
- Incwadi khotha namag, elahlekile, iwumbhalo omdala kunayo yonke lapho igama loLwandle LwaseCaspian livela khona, nakuba ngaleso sikhathi lwalubizwa ngokuthi uLwandle LwaseGilan.
- Esikhathini esidlule, uLwandle lweCaspian lwaluyingxenye yoLwandle iParathetis, olwabe luhlanganisa iPacific Ocean ne-Atlantic. Kancane kancane lokho kuxhumana kwase kunyamalala.
- ulwandle lweCaspian inezimpawu.
- Kusekhaya izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingaphezu kuka-400, iningi lawo elithi uncia futhi alitholakali kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba ngaphandle kwalapha.
- E-Azeerbajan kunamabhishi amaningi. ENhlonhlweni yase-Absheron, ngokwesibonelo, kunezindawo zokungcebeleka eziningi kanye nemidlalo eminingi yamanzi eyenziwayo. Isikhathi esiphezulu yihlobo.
- Umcibisholo cukwehla kwembulunga yonke kusheshisa ukuhwamuka emanzini oLwandle lweCaspian.
- Ngemuva kwePersian Gulf kanye neSiberia, uLwandle lweCaspian luyindawo yesithathu enkulu kunazo zonke etholakala ogwini nangaphansi kwegesi emhlabeni.
- ulwandle lweCaspian ingaphansi kwezinga lolwandle. Inamamitha aphakathi kuka-16 no-28 kuphela ukuphakama.
- Nakuba iVolga iwumthombo wayo obaluleke kakhulu wokubala zonke, ezinkulu nezincane, inemifula engu-130 eyondlayo.
- Ugu lweCaspian e-Iran luyindawo evakashelwa kakhulu ezweni.
- Cishe U-4% wemithombo kawoyela negesi BasoLwandle lweCaspian.
- Ngonyaka cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-122 okungcola akhishwa wamanzi akhiqizwe ngokukhipha amafutha.