Umhubhe Wesiteshi

Kunezikhumbuzo eziningi zasendulo ezisishiya sishaqekile futhi zisenze sizibuze, bakwenze kanjani emhlabeni? Kepha iqiniso ukuthi abantu bahlakaniphe kakhulu futhi njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubekela phambili, ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kobunjiniyela besimanje obumangalisayo busebenza: Umhubhe wesiteshi, isibonelo.

Umhubhe Wesiteshi, noma Le tunnel sous La Manche noma umane UmhubheKuyiphupho eligcwaliseka futhi namhlanje sizokwazi ukuthi bakwaze kanjani ukuthi bakwakhe kanjani, nini, kusebenza kanjani futhi uma unentshisekelo, ukuthi ungaliwela kanjani.

Isiteshi sesiNgisi

Kuyaziwa futhi ngegama le- Isiteshi sesiNgisi futhi akulutho ngaphandle kokuthi a ingalo yoLwandle i-Atlantic exhumana neNorth Sea, ehlukanisa iFrance esenyakatho nentshonalanga neGreat Britain.

Ingamakhilomitha angama-560 ubude nobubanzi obuhluka phakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-240 kuya kwangama-33.3, okuyiyona impela iPas de Calais. Ineziqhingi ezithile namuhla ezingaphansi kwefulegi lesiNgisi futhi ezaziwa ngeChannel Islands.

Yasungulwa nini? Kubukeka sengathi yakhiwa ekupheleni kwe-Ice Age yokugcina, cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi eyedlule Ngaleso sikhathi iziqhingi ezakha iGreat Britain zazisanamathele eYurophu kodwa lapho kwenzeka ukuncibilika komoya, kwaqhibuka ichibi elikhulu kanye nomugqa okuyiyona esesephakathi kweCalais neDover. Kamuva, inqubo yokuguguleka komhlaba yadala ishaneli futhi amagagasi angapheli ayewukhulisa.

Ngokusobala, ukwehlukaniswa neYurophu kunikeze iBritish Isles uphawu lwayo futhi yize ibivikele ngokuvamile ezingxabanweni nasekuhlaselweni, abakhululwanga amaphesenti ayikhulu. Kwanele ukukhumbula ukuthi bahlaselwa amaRoma futhi kamuva ngamaNorman, nokuthi, ngenxa yokuhamba kwemikhumbi nezindiza, ukuzihlukanisa sekukhohliwe.

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi imikhumbi engamakhulu amahlanu ngosuku iwela umsele njengoba kuwulwandle olubalulekile lwezohwebo phakathi kweGreat Britain neYurophu naphakathi kwe-Atlantic neNorth Sea. Ngemuva kobunzima obuthile nezingozi eminyakeni engaphezulu kwamashumi amane edlule kwathathwa isinqumo sokuthi kuzoba nemizila emibili: labo abahamba ngasenyakatho bazosebenzisa umzila waseFrance nalabo abahamba ngaseningizimu ngomzila wamaNgisi. Futhi kwenzeka, yize kunjalo ingozi eyodwa noma ezimbili ziyaqoshwa ngonyaka.

Futhi wakhiwa nini umhubhe wesiteshi? Kwakunini i- I-Eurotunnel?

I-Eurotunnel

Lo mbono wahlasela amakhanda ohulumeni baseYurophu isikhathi eside. Eqinisweni, uNapoleon ubevele ephupha ngalokho, kepha kusobala ukuthi ubunjiniyela bungakwenza kuphela lokhu ngekhulu lama-XNUMX. Imayelana ne- umhubhe wesitimela owela ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi wavulwa ngoMeyi 6, 1994, kwahlanganiswa nesikebhe okwase kungamakhulu eminyaka siwukuphela kwendlela yokuwela.

Umncintiswano wamazwe omhlaba wokwakhiwa wethulwa ngo-1984 ngaphansi kokubusa kweMitterrand eFrance kanye noTatcher eNgilandi. Kwethulwe imibono eyehlukene, imigudu, amabhuloho, amanye ayebiza kakhulu, amanye kwakunzima ukuwaqedela. Ekugcineni, isiphakamiso esamukelwa kwaba ngesenkampani yokwakha iBelfour Beatty.

Injani idizayini? Ingabe mayelana imigudu emibili yesitimela ehambisana nayo. Phakathi kwazo kugijima umhubhe wesithathu osetshenziselwa ukunakekelwa. Wonke umuntu kumele akwazi ukushayela amaloli nezimoto futhi. Isilinganiso esibi sakhipha inani eliphelele lama- $ 3 billion, ngakho-ke amabhange angamashumi amahlanu abamba iqhaza kwaqashwa abasebenzi abanamakhono abayi-6.

Ukuqala ngokumba, i-geology ye-English Channel kwakudingeka ifundwe futhi uma sekunqunywe ukujula umsebenzi waqala nhlangothi zombili zomsele ngoba inhloso bekungukuthi ujoyine phakathi. Ukusebenza ohlangothini lwaseFrance kwaqala eduze nedolobhana laseSangatte nasehlangothini lwesiNgisi eShakespeare Cliff, ngaseDover. Vele, ogandaganda babebakhulu futhi bebodwa babekwazi ukumba, ukuqoqa imfucumfucu, babuye babuye nayo emhubheni.

Izinsalela ezivunjiwe zilethwe ngaphezulu ngezimoto zezitimela ohlangothini lwesiNgisi kwathi ohlangothini lwaseFrance lwahlanganiswa namanzi lwaphakanyiswa ngepayipi. Lezi zimbiwa ezikhethekile zibizwa nge-TBM. Ngenkathi ukumba kuqhubeka, izinhlangothi zomhubhe zaqiniswa ngokhonkolo ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nengcindezi futhi yenze ukuthi ingangeni manzi ngasikhathi sinye.

Kodwa onjiniyela babengaqiniseka kanjani ukuthi le mihubhe emibili izohlangana maphakathi nomsele? Yebo, bekufanele basebenzise imishini ekhethekile, kufaka phakathi ama-lasers, futhi bekungelula nakancane futhi isikhathi eside bebengaqiniseki ngokuphelele ukuthi kuzosebenza. Kepha bakwenzile, futhi ngoDisemba 1, 1990, umhlangano omkhulu waba khona kwathi abasebenzi ababili abamagama abo adonselwa kwilotto baxhawulana.

Kunoma ikuphi, kwakusasele ibanga elide lokuhamba ngaphambi kokuba kuphothulwe i-Eurotunnel, ngakho-ke imisebenzi yaqhubeka njengoba kwakungafanele kuhlanganiswe imigudu emithathu. omunye umhlangano waba ngoMeyi 22, 1991, kwathi owesithathu waba ngowokugcina ngoJuni 28 wangonyaka ofanayo. Kamuva kuzoba neminyaka yokwakhiwa kwamatheminali, izinhlelo zikagesi, izinhlelo zokulwa nomlilo, uhlelo lokungenisa umoya, njalonjalo.

Ukuvulwa ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ngoDisemba 10, 1993 ngenkathi kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kokuqala futhi kwaqala ukusebenza ngoMeyi 6, 1994, ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha yemisebenzi kanye nama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 (kulinganiselwa ukuthi kubiza kakhulu ngo-80% kunalokho obekuhlolwe). Kulezi zinsuku kunezinsizakalo ezimbili zesitimela, iShuttle ehambisa amaloli, izithuthuthu nezimoto kanye I-Eurostar ethwala abagibeli. Kumakhilomitha angama-50 angajwayelekile, kukhona angama-39 ayimikhumbi-ngwenya.

I-Eurostar ithatha amahora amabili nemizuzu engamashumi amabili ukuxhuma iParis neLondon y ihora nemizuzu engama-57 ukuxhuma iBrussels neLondon. Uma uhamba nemoto yakho ungahlala ngaphakathi noma uhambe ngesitimela ngenkathi iwela umhubhe.

Futhi ukuqeda nazi ezinye amaqiniso acabangelayo ukuze ungazi ngomhubhe wesiteshi:

  • Ungumhubhe weshumi nanye omude kunayo yonke emhlabeni osetshenziswayo futhi unengxenye ende kunazo zonke engaphansi kwamanzi.
  • yeAmerican Society of Civil Engineers Ngenye yezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zomhlaba wanamuhla.
  • Abasebenzi abayi-10, amaNgisi ayisishiyagalombili, ashonela ekwakhiweni kwawo.
  • ukujula okumaphakathi komhubhe ngaphansi kolwandle kungamamitha angama-50 kanti indawo ephansi kakhulu ingamamitha angama-75.
  • ngosuku cishe izitimela ezingama-400 ziyaliwela lithwala isilinganiso sabagibeli abayizinkulungwane ezingama-500.
  • bekulokhu imililo emithathu, ngo-1996, 2006 nango-2012 okuphoqe ukuthi kuvalwe isikhashana. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukusebenza kokuqala nokwathinteka izinyanga eziyisithupha.
  • ngo-2009 izitimela ezinhlanu ze-Eurostar zabhodloka zavalela abagibeli abayizinkulungwane ezimbili amahora angu-16 bengenawo ugesi, bengenamanzi futhi bengenakudla.
  • Izitimela zeShuttles zingamamitha angama-775 ubude.
  • umhubhe ulinganiselwa ukuthi uhlala okungenani iminyaka engu-120.
  • ukuhamba ehlobo kubiza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngezimpelasonto. Kuyalulekwa ukuhamba maphakathi nesonto ekuseni noma ebusuku. Ngasohlangothini lwesiNgisi, amanani azungeze u- £ 44 ngemoto usuka eFolkestone uye eCalais noma usuka ku- £ 69 usuka eLondon uye eParis, eBrussels, eLille.

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