Kunemigudu yokufakelwa isintu eyakhe umhlaba futhi edume umhlaba wonke. Enye yazo yi- ISuez Canal. Esihlokweni sanamuhla sizogxila kwesesibili, i- isiteshi sase-afrika lokho kwaguqula umlando wezohwebo wesifunda nomhlaba.
Umsele weSuez ujoyina uLwandle iMedithera noLwandle Olubomvu futhi kuvame ukubonwa njengomngcele ophakathi kwe-Asia ne-Afrika. Indaba yokuthi kwakucatshangwa futhi yakhiwa kanjani ayinayo impikiswano kanye nezingxabano zepolitiki, kepha ubuhlakani bomuntu buphela ngempumelelo.
Umsele weSuez
Lomsele wokufakelwa, umsele olwandle, yakhiwa maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX ukuvula umzila oqonde ngqo phakathi kweNyakatho ye-Atlantic kanye noLwandlekazi i-Indian ngeMedithera kanye noLwandle Olubomvu, sigwema ukuzungeza i-Atlantic nengxenye eseningizimu ye-Indian Ocean, ngaleyo ndlela sinciphise isikhathi sokuhamba ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha.
Isiteshi Iqala ePort Said iphele ePort Tewfik edolobheni laseSuez. Hamba kancane ukudlula 193 amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane futhi inemisele yokufinyelela enyakatho naseningizimu. Isakhiwo sokuqala sasiqukethe umzila owodwa wamanzi, ngaphandle kwamasango, ngamanzi olwandle nezindawo zokudlula eBallah naseGreat Bittler Lake.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX imibuso emikhulu yaseYurophu yayisenamandla e-Afrika, ngakho-ke i-UK neFrance kwakungabanikazi, bahlala iminyaka eminingi, kwaze kwaba ngemuva kweMpi Yesibili, ngenkathi kukhishwa umbuso, umongameli waseGibhithe ngaleso sikhathi, UNasser, uthathe isinqumo sokumenza abe yisizwe. Ngokusobala, wayengenakukwenza ngaphandle kwengxabano, kepha ekugcineni kwenziwa.
Kusukela lapho kuqhubeke, nokusayinwa kwesivumelwano, kwathathwa isinqumo sokuthi umsele uzohlala usetshenziswa, ngezikhathi zokuthula nempi, nganoma yimuphi umkhumbi wanoma yiluphi uhlobo, ngaphandle kokwehlukanisa ifulege. Uma ubona imephu ye-Afrika, ngokuqinisekile uyaqonda ukuthi sibaluleke kangakanani isiteshi sezingxabano endaweni.
Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, Ngo-2014, iGibhithe yaqala umsebenzi wokwandisa iBallah Pass kumakhilomitha angama-35 ukwenza ukusakazwa kusheshe futhi mhlawumbe kuze kuphindwe kabili umthamo womsele ngenani lemikhumbi engadlula ngosuku. Kwafezwa futhi imisebenzi yavulwa ngonyaka olandelayo. Yini enye, Ngo-2016, kwavulwa isiteshi esisha sohlangothi.
Kepha kungokokuqala ukuthi abantu bakhe into efanayo? Cha. Kubukeka sengathi kudala njengaseGibhithe lasendulo kwakuyinhloso yokwenza lula ukusuka eMfuleni iNayile kuye oLwandle Olubomvu. Ngakho-ke, kunenkolelo yokuthi bakha umsele omncane, mhlawumbe ngesikhathi sikaRamses II futhi kamuva uDariyu, inkosi yasePheresiya.
Abase-Ottoman nabo bayibheka, emuva ngekhulu le-XNUMX, bevele befuna ukuxhuma iMedithera noLwandle Olubomvu, benesifiso sokuxhuma iConstantinople nemigwaqo yezohwebo neyokuhambela izindawo ngezindawo.
Kodwa-ke, yayibiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke akukho okuningi okwavela emaphepheni. Ngesikhathi somkhankaso waseFrance eGibhithe ukuze UNapolén Wayenentshisekelo ezinsaleleni zomsele omdala futhi abadwebi bamabalazwe baseFrance nabavubukuli bazulazula ezweni lonke. Ukuba ngumbusi ukhombise intshisekelo eyengeziwe ekwakheni umsele kepha ukwakhiwa kwamasango kwenza imisebenzi yabiza kakhulu futhi kwathatha isikhathi eside, ngakho ekugcineni umqondo washiywa.
Kunjalo, lo mqondo wafika futhi wahamba ezingqondweni zabantu abaningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waze wafezeka. Ekugcineni, izinto zaba zimbi kakhulu futhi kwathathwa isinqumo sokuthi kwakhiwe. Ingabe waxhaswa yiSuez Canal Company, inyunyana yezinkampani eziningana ezinze eParis. Ekuqaleni, ama-52% wamasheya ayesezandleni zeFrance kwathi i-44% yayiseGibhithe, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi leli lizwe lazithengisa e-United Kingdom.
Isiteshi yayakhiwe eSuez Isthmus, Ibhuloho lomhlaba phakathi kwe-Afrika ne-Asia ngokwemigomo yokwakheka komhlaba lisanda kwenzeka. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaphambi kokuthi womabili la mazwekazi ebeyisisindo esisodwa nokuthi phakathi kweminyaka engama-66 kanye no-2.6 wezigidi zeminyaka edlule kwaba nephutha elikhulu elehlukanisa. Akuyona i-isthmus efanayo, inezigubhu ezintathu ezigcwaliswe ngamanzi okuyizinto IChibi iManzala, the ichibi timsah futhi i Amachibi Omunyu.
Lesi siqinti sakhiwe ngendle yasolwandle, isihlabathi kanye nohlalu olwafakwa ngezikhathi zemvula enkulu noma ezafika eNayile noma zilethwe yizihlabathi ezindizayo zasogwadule. Lapha kwanqunywa ukwakhiwa komsele, imisebenzi eyenzeka phakathi kuka-1859 no-1869. Iminyaka eyishumi yokuvubukulwa nge abasebenzi abasebenza ngenkani, abaningi babo bagcina ngokufa.
Kwakungeyona iphrojekthi eyaqala yaphakamisa amathemba amaningi futhi lokho kwakunzima ukuthengiswa kwamasheya. Kodwa ngokubambisana nomndeni wakwaRothchild, amabhange adumile, amasheya okungenani eFrance agcina ngokuthengisa njengamaqebelengwane ashisayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-UK yayingabaza futhi igxeka ukusetshenziswa kwezisebenzi ze-quasi-slave.
Ekugcineni, iSuez Canal ivulwe ngoNovemba 1869 ngomcimbi owawusePort Said owawubandakanya iziqhumane, amadili nezikhulu. Njengoba kulindeleke Ezinsukwini zokuqala isiteshi sasinenkinga ethile yezobuchwepheshe neyezezimali ngoba izindleko zase zikhuphuke kancane. Futhi, ithrafikhi yaqala ukukhula kuphela eminyakeni emibili kamuva ngakho-ke ngaleso sikhathi ukungaqiniseki kwaqhubeka.
Kepha ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinkinga nokuqagela iqiniso yilokho iSuez Canal yayibaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezizwe. Ngaleso sikhathi isiteshi sasiyithrekhi eyodwa cishe ngamamitha ayi-8 ukujula namamitha angama-22 ububanzi ngezansi naphakathi kwamamitha angama-61 no-912 ububanzi ebusweni. Amatheku okudlula akhiwa njalo emuva kwamakhilomitha ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwayishumi ukuvumela ukudlula kwemikhumbi kusuka ohlangothini ngalunye.
Yayincane kakhulu ngakho-ke cishe ngo-1876 baqala imisebenzi emisha ukuyenza ibe banzi futhi ijule. Ngawo-60, isiteshi sasinobubanzi obuncane bamamitha angama-55 ezansi namamitha ayi-10 emabhange, nokujula kwamamitha ayi-12 kulwandle oluphansi. Futhi izindawo zokuhamba zanwetshwa kwathi ezinye zakhiwa emachibini, ngezakhiwo zikakhonkolo nezensimbi ukuvimbela ukuguguleka komhlaba.
Izinhlelo zamuva zaba nzima yimpi yama-Arab nama-Israeli yango-1967, izinsuku lapho umsele wavalwa khona yize isivumelwano sasayinwa kudala. Umsele weSuez yahlala ingasebenzi kwaze kwaba ngu-1975 futhi njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ngo-2015 iGibhithe laqedela izinsalela ezintsha ukukhulisa amandla alo: Amakhilomitha angama-29 ubude kune-164 yawo yakuqala.
Ukuqedela ngikushiyela imininingwane ethile:
- Ngo-1870, kwadlula imikhumbi engu-486, engaphansi kwemibili ngosuku.
- Ngo-1966, ngokwesilinganiso kudlula imikhumbi engama-21.250 58 eyadlula, cishe engama-XNUMX ngosuku.
- Ngo-2018, kudlule imikhumbi engu-18.174 XNUMX.
- Isiteshi sokuqala sasingeyona ishaneli lezindlela ezimbili ngakho-ke imikhumbi kwakufanele ime bese iya, iya, futhi ime. Kwabe sekudlula cishe amahora angama-40, kodwa ngo-1939 leso sikhathi sase sincishisiwe saba amahora angu-13. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-40, izingqungquthela zaqaliswa kwathi ngeminyaka yama-70 isikhathi sasiphakathi kwamahora ayi-11 kuya kwayi-16,
- Uhlobo lwezimpahla lushintshile kakhulu futhi ikakhulukazi ekhulwini lama-XNUMX uwoyela nongcolileyo kuyinkosi. Kufakwa amalahle, izinsimbi, izinkuni, imbewu nezinhlamvu, usimende, umanyolo.
- Yize imikhumbi yabagibeli ihlale idlula kusukela ngawo-40, isibalo sincane kakhulu ngenxa yomncintiswano wezindiza.
- Namuhla ungenza ukuvakasha kusuka eCairo noma ePort Said, ngesikebhe.