I-Las Iziqhingi zaseCanary bayiqoqo leziqhingi phezu koLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Zisenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika futhi sezizonke zikhona iziqhingi ezingaba yisishiyagalombili, iziqhingi ezinhlanu namadwala ayisishiyagalombili. Sikhuluma, isibonelo, ngeLa Gomera, La Palma kanye neTenerife, El Hierro, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote kanye neGran Canaria.
Kepha zakhiwa kanjani iziqhingi zase-canary? Yayiyini inqubo emangalisayo abazalwa ngayo?
Zakhiwa kanjani iziqhingi zaseCanary
Iziqhingi adabuka entaba-mlilo futhi asecwecweni lase-Afrika, ngakho ihlanganisa isifunda esaziwa ngokuthi iMacaronesia. Bane-a Isimo sezulu esishisayo, ngokuhlukahluka okuthile kwesimo sezulu esihumushela kokuthi Ukwehlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo.
Zonke iziqhingi zinezindawo zokulondoloza imvelo, amapaki kazwelonke kanye nezindawo ezimenyezelwe njengeziNdawo Zamagugu Omhlaba. Ngaphambi kwalolu bhubhane, iziqhingi zavakashelwa izigidi nezigidi zabantu, ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2019 kulinganiselwa ukuthi babe nezivakashi eziyizigidi eziyi-13.
Kuphinde kubalwe ukuthi imvelaphi yayo yentaba-mlilo, ngokweminyaka yoMhlaba, yakamuva nje: Iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-30. Kunemibono eminingana ethi ukwakheka kweziqhingi kwakunezinkathi ezihlukene noma imijikelezo yentaba-mlilo okwakuhilela inqubo eqhubekayo yokuvela kodaka nokuqina okulandelanayo.
Ngakho-ke, isiqhingi ngasinye eqenjini singashiwo ukuthi sinomlando waso we-geological noma zakudala futhi mhlawumbe iziqhingi ezindala kunazo zonke yiFuerteventura neLanzarote, ngemuva kwe-Tenerife, i-Gran Canaria ne-La Gomera. Muva nje kuzoba yiLa Palma no-El Hierro, abaneminyaka engaba yizigidi ezi-2 ubudala.
Ngabe le nqubo noma umjikelezo ngabe unjani? Okokuqala, isigaba esibizwa nge-Basal Complex senzeka, lapho uqweqwe lwe-oceanic luphuka kanye namabhulokhi aphakama lapho udaka oluvela ekuqhumeni komkhumbi-ngwenya lwafakwa khona. Khona-ke iziqhingi ziphuma emanzini esigabeni esibizwa ngokuthi "Sub-Aerial Construction".
Lapha kukhona imijikelezo emibili, eyokuqala uchungechunge oludala lapho kwakhiwa khona izakhiwo ezinkulu zentaba-mlilo, bese kuba okuthiwa uchungechunge lwakamuva ukuthi namuhla kusasele futhi lapho isici kuwumsebenzi unomphela wentaba-mlilo. Ngamafuphi, singacabanga i-magma evela ngaphakathi kweplanethi ikhuphuka ngemifantu ehlukahlukene yoqweqwe, inqwabelana olwandle bese iphuma ezingeni lolwandle.
Lokhu kwakunje izigidi zeminyaka, futhi njengoba sishilo, iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku ngomusi wamanzi, amagesi anesulfure nokuqhuma ngezikhathi ezithile. Isibonelo, ukuqhuma kweTeneguía esiqhingini saseLa Palma ngo-1971 noma okwakamuva, ngo-2021, lapho intaba-mlilo engashiwongo yathusa isiqhingi izinsuku ezinde ezingama-90.
Iziqhingi zaseCanary, ngendlela yazo, ziyimfihlakalo, kusukela bakha elinye lamaqoqo eziqhingi ambalwa ezakhiwa izintaba-mlilo zasolwandle ezisaqhuma, ngakho kososayensi athakazelisa kakhulu. zibalwa okungenani 18 ukuqhuma eminyakeni engu-500 ngakho-ke inendaba yentaba-mlilo eshubile futhi yebo, asikakasiboni isiphetho sayo.
Ukukhethekile kweziqhingi kuye kwaphefumulela imibono eminingana mayelana nokwakheka kwazo. Kwanqoba isikhathi eside i-hot spot theory ngokusho ukuthi iziqhingi zavela khona emseleni onqamula ulwandle phakathi kwe-Afrika neMelika. Zivela kanje lezi ziqhingi endleleni, endala kunazo zonke yilezo ezikude kakhulu nemvelaphi yazo njengoba zihamba eduze kwepuleti le-lithospheric.
Omunye umbono kwaba i-propagation theory ye-fracture, okwathi, kanye nomjikelezo wokucindezelwa kanye nokusabalalisa kwepuleti le-Atlas tectonic, kwaba nokuphuka kwe-lithosphere eyasakazeka isuka ezwenikazi iye e-Atlantic, ishiya i-magma ekuvukeni kwayo, yehlisa ingcindezi futhi ivumela ukuthi ivele endaweni. phezulu.
Kumele kushiwo ukuthi lezi bekuyizinkolelo-mbono futhi azizange zamukelwe ngokugcwele, nakuba i-hot spot theory ithandwa kakhulu. Lokhu kungachaza ukuthi kungani lezi ziqhingi zisasebenza, ngaphandle kwezinye, okwamanje, ezingabhalisi ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Yebo, yebo, le ncazelo isenazo izimbobo kodwa uphenyo lwesayensi luyaqhubeka nokuzama ukuphendula yonke imibuzo.
Ngakho, Yiziphi izici iziQhingi zaseCanary ezinhle neziyingozi ezinazo? kahle banayo eyodwa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwedwala lentaba-mlilo ahlanganisa wonke spectrum alkaline basalts, kukhona zonke izinhlobo zama-craters, azilingani kakhulu kuye ngokuthi umoya usuka kuphi, oqondisa i-magma ohlangothini olulodwa noma kwenye, ngaphezu ukuqhuma kwe-pyroplastic namabhomu, futhi kukhona futhi ama-magmas ahlukahlukene eziqhingini kanye inqwaba yezakhiwo zentaba-mlilo phakathi kwama-cones, strata, craters, calderas...
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iziqhingi zijabulela a isimo sezulu esimnandi se-subtropical oceanic, ngemimoya yokuhweba, ngenxa yokuba seduze kwezindawo ezishisayo kanye nesimo samanje se-El Golfo. Imimoya idudula amafu akha lezo lwandle ezinhle zamafu ezinikeza nomuzwa wokuthi amanzi olwandle acishe abe sponji futhi azolile kakhulu.
I-Canary Islands iyipharadesi eline izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile phakathi nonyaka ka-25 ºC futhi yingakho ezingeni lezokuvakasha kuyisenzakalo.
Kwesokunxele imininingwane esebenzayo mayelana neziqhingi ezibaluleke kakhulu:
- I-Palm: Inamakhilomitha-skwele angama-708.32 kanye nenani labantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-83.458. Intaba-mlilo yaseTeneguía imbi kakhulu, kodwa ngonyaka odlule kwaba nokunye ukuqhuma okwadala umonakalo. Isiqhingi sesibili ngobukhulu kuleli qembu, nesiqongo saso esiphakeme kakhulu samamitha angama-2426, iRoque de los Muchachos. Inetheleskopu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, iGran Telescope Canarias enesibuko esingamamitha angu-10, 40 ububanzi.
- El Hierro: Yisiqhingi esincane kunazo zonke esinokuphatha kwaso: amakhilomitha-skwele angama-268.71 kanye nezakhamuzi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-11.147 kuphela. Kuyi-Biosphere Reserve futhi ukuqhuma okukhulu kwamanzi kwenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Yisiqhingi sokuqala emhlabeni ukukwazi ukuzimela ngokwamandla avuselelekayo.
- I-Tenerife: Yisiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke, esinamakhilomitha-skwele angama-2034.38. Futhi iyindawo enabantu abaningi kakhulu ngezakhamizi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-928.604. Waziwa ngokuthi "island of eternal spring", inamabhishi amahle namapaki amaningi emvelo. Futhi yebo, yiyona ethola izivakashi ezicebile kakhulu ngonyaka.
- Gran Canaria: Yisiqhingi sesibili esinabantu abaningi kuleli qembu. Ingamakhilomitha-skwele angu-1560 endaweni, iyindilinga futhi inezintaba eziningi. Yiba izindawo zokuvubukula enenani kanye nezindawo ezihlukene, kusukela emabhishi egolide, ngokusebenzisa izindawo eziwugwadule kuya ezindaweni eziluhlaza kakhulu.
- I-Fuerteventura: Inendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-1659 futhi iseduze kakhulu ne-Afrika. Kunjalo futhi endala kakhulu ngokombono wokwakheka komhlaba futhi eguguleke kakhulu. Kuyi-Biosphere Reserve kusukela ngo-2009.
- I-Lanzarote: Yisiqhingi esisempumalanga kakhulu futhi esidala kunazo zonke. Inendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-845.94 kanti inhloko-dolobha yayo i-Arrecife. Inezintaba-mlilo futhi ibiyi-Biosphere Reserve kusukela ngo-1993.
- The Graceful: kuze kube muva nje yaziwa ngokuthi isiqhingi kuphela, kodwa namuhla isiyisiqhingi, isiqhingi sesishiyagalombili esakhiwe saleli qembu. Ayinamakhilomitha-skwele angama-29 futhi ihlala abantu abangama-751.