La Tarayyar Swiss, Switzerland, ƙasa ce a Turai tana iyaka da Italiya, Jamus, Austria, Liechtenstein da Faransa. Asalinsa ya koma tsohuwar ƙungiyar siyasa ta tsakiyar zamanai da aka kafa tsakanin shekaru tsakanin 1300 zuwa 1500.
geopolitical an raba shi zuwa cantons, yau 26, don haka a yau za mu yi magana game da su: da canton na Switzerland.
Cantons na Switzerland
Kamar yadda muka fada a sama samuwar Switzerland a halin yanzu ya samo asali ne tun tsakiyar zamanai. Tsakanin 1300 zuwa 1300 Tsohon Swiss Confederation ya wanzu a can. a cikin Daular Roma Mai Tsarki.
An kafa shi a cikin karni na XNUMX, a tsakiyar yankin na yanzu, kuma ya hada da Zürich da Bern. Haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin birane da ƙauyuka na kwaruruka na tsakiyar yankin Alps, haɗin gwiwa tare da buƙatun kasuwanci na gama gari, ba shine mafi ƙarfi ba, amma har yanzu. ya sami damar jin daɗin matsayin siyasa da tsarin mulki kwatankwacin na biranen daular ko sarakunan duniya, 'yanci daga ikon sarakunan gida, kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon kai tsaye na Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki.
Asali dai canton takwas babu wani abu kuma sun yi kyau sosai tsawon ƙarni. Ta hanyar Yaƙin Burgundia, tsakanin 1474 zuwa 1477, rikici tsakanin ƙungiyar, ƙawayenta da sarakunan Burgundy, an kafa ikonsa a cikin wani yanki da Habsburgs da Faransa suka mamaye. Wannan nasara, amma kuma ƙara ƙarin kantuna zuwa goma sha uku da ayyana kanta ba tare da tsangwama ba a cikin Yaƙin Shekaru 30, ya yi matukar ƙarfafa tsohuwar Switzerland.
Kodayake ya kasance mai zaman kansa, Sai a shekara ta 1648 ta samu 'yancin kai a hukumance daga Daular Roma mai tsarki., a karshen wancan dogon yakin da kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Westphalia. Sabuwar sigar Tarayyar Swiss ya raba kanton zuwa Katolika da Reformed, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na cikin gida da yawa wanda ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX da XNUMX. Baya ga bambance-bambancen addini, an kuma samu rarrabuwar kawuna a fannin ci gaban tattalin arziki da walwala tsakanin kananan hukumomin.
Kamar yadda ya saba: Kanton Katolika galibi ƙauye ne kuma Furotesta sun kewaye su, kantuna masu dogaro da kasuwanci. Kanton da suka fi ƙarfi su ne Zürich da Bern, Furotesta. Tunda ba a magance matsalolin ba an yi yaƙe-yaƙe na cikin gida amma gyara komai ya gagara, saboda maslaha masu karo da juna. sai dakata 1848, a cikin tsarin abin da ake kira juyin juya hali na 48, don haka an haifi jihar tarayya ta Switzerland.
Amma daga ina sunan Switzerland ya fito? A ka'ida, daga Switzerland Turanci, amma dole ne ku san cewa a cikin waɗannan shekaru masu nisa ƙungiyar ta san ta a matsayin Eidgenossenschaft. Daga baya, an fara sanin yankunan ƙungiyar tare da sunan Schweizerland ko Schwytzerland. Kalmar Ingilishi ta Switzerland ta fara yaduwa a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX.
A nata bangaren, kalmar "kanton" yana da tushensa a cikin karni na 1848 na Faransanci, kuma yana nufin wani abu kamar kusurwa ko gefe. Kalmar ta fara bayyana akai-akai a cikin takardun Faransanci, Italiyanci da Ingilishi, kuma zuwa XNUMX kalmar Jamusanci Canton an kiyaye shi a hukumance.
Kuma mene ne halin da ake ciki a yau a kananan hukumomin kasar Switzerland? Kundin tsarin mulki ya bayyana cewa kowane canton mai mulki ne, amma cewa mulkin ba zai iya wuce dokar tarayya ba. Ƙungiyar ta tanadi ikon dakarun soji, kuɗi, sabis na gidan waya da sadarwa, ƙaura da shige da fice, haƙƙin mafaka da dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa, dokokin farar hula da na laifuka, da kwastam.
Kowanne daga cikin kananan hukumomin yana da nasa tsarin mulki, kotuna, 'yan sanda, ikon zartarwa da na majalisa, ko da yake dukkansu suna bin tsari na gama-gari. Duk wani iko da cancantar da ƙungiyar ba ta da'awar su ne alhakin kantomomi. Don haka, kowa yana hulda da ma’aikatan lafiya, ilimi da haraji, Misali. Bugu da kari, kowannensu ya kafa nasa harshen hukuma kuma yana iya rufe hulda da wasu kananan hukumomi da ma jihohin da ke wajen tarayyar.
Canton da tabbas mun fi sani su ne Zürich, Bern, Lucerne, Freiburg, Basel, St. Gallen, Ticino, Neuchâtel, Geneva da Jura. Shida daga cikin kananan hukumomi 26 da suka hada da kungiyar ana kiransu da Semi Cantons, Basel ko Zürich sune biyu daga cikinsu, alal misali, yayin da sauran 20 da suka rage an san su da cikakken kanton.
Wannan bambance-bambancen yana nuna alamar haɗin gwiwar tarihi na waɗannan ƙananan kantuna shida tare da juna, amma tun daga 1848 duk kantunan daidai suke a cikin komai, sai dai cewa ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi sun zaɓi mamba ɗaya ne kawai a Majalisar Jihohi, kuma a cikin yanayin samun kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a kuri'unsu ya kai rabin sauran kananan hukumomin.
A karshe mun san haka Ana magana da harsuna uku a Switzerland: Faransanci, Jamusanci da Italiyanci.. Misali, ana magana da Jamusanci a Basel, Appensell, Aargau, St. Gallen ko Zurich. Faransanci na hukuma ne a Bern, Freiburg, Geneva, Neuchâtel ko Valais kuma Italiyanci yana cikin Ticino da Graubünden. A bayyane, a wasu canton akwai yare na hukuma fiye da ɗaya, kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance na Bern, Freiburg ko Geneva inda yake magana da Jamusanci da Faransanci daidai.
Na bar muku wasu karin bayani:
- yankin lémanique: yanki ne na Switzerland inda ake magana da Faransanci da Jamusanci. Akwai Valais da Geneva, hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Red Cross. A nata bangare, Valais yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun kanton, tare da Matterhorn da sauran tsaunuka masu tsayi, sama da mita dubu 4.
- arewa maso yammacin Switzerland: Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt da Aargau su ne kananan hukumomi uku na wannan yanki na kasar. Basel Ita ce babban birnin al'adu na Switzerland, tare da gidajen tarihi sama da 40 da kuma tsohon gari mai ban sha'awa. Yankin yana da yawa a cikin ƙauyuka na zamani da yanayi, manufa don ayyukan waje.
- gabashin Switzerland: Akwai yankuna bakwai a nan kuma da yawa suna da tsaunuka, kamar Glaurus, Appenzell Ausserrhoden da Appensell Innerhoden, Sankt Gallen da Thurgau. Dukansu suna da Jamusanci a matsayin harshensu na hukuma, amma yankin Graubünden ya san harsunan hukuma guda uku: Jamusanci, Italiyanci, da Romanesque.
- Mitteland: a nan ne Berne, tare da manyan gidajen tarihi. Hakanan akwai yankin Solothurn, Jura, Friborg, Neuchâtel…
- tsakiyar SwitzerlandWannan shine inda Lucerne yake tare da kyakkyawan tsohuwar garinsa da Dutsen Pilatus. akwai kuma canton Schwyz, Nidwalden, Uri, Zug da Obwalden, tabkuna da dazuzzuka masu yawa.
- Ticino: Ita ce yankin kudu mafi kusa kuma ita ce kaɗai a cikin duk ƙungiyar da ake magana da Italiyanci a hukumance. Yana jin daɗin yanayi mai daɗi na Bahar Rum, yana kan gefen tafkin Maggiore kuma yanki ne na musamman na ƙasar.