La Guta reVatendi mazana matatu nenhatu nderimwe remasangano anogamuchira Timbuktu. Iyo inozivikanwawo se "Pearl of the Desert" uye, sezvaunoziva, iri pakati pepakati pe. Mali, nyika yechisere pakukura Africa. Naizvozvo, iri munzvimbo yekumadokero kwekondinendi uye miganhu, pakati pevamwe, ne Mauritaniya, Senegal, Algeria, Cote d'Ivoire o Niger.
Chaizvoizvo, rwizi rune simba rwezita iri runopfuura makiromita manomwe kubva kuTimbuktu, ruchipa mvura yainoda. Iguta rine mamiriro akasarudzika, izvo zvakaita kuti ive nzvimbo yekupfuura ye trans-saharan trade nzira akamupa kubudirira kukuru. Zvadaro, tichazotsanangura zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezveGuta reVatendi mazana matatu nenhatu.
Zvishoma zvenhoroondo yeTimbuktu
Mugwagwa muTimbuktu
Guta raitozivikanwa kare Herodotus, uyo anonokora mashoko mune chimwe chezvinyorwa zvake. Sezvatakakuudzai, yakanga ine mukurumbira wayo munzira yekutengeserana yaifamba mumativi ose West Africa kutakura zvinhu kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe uye iyo yakararama hupenyu hwayo pakati peXNUMXth neXNUMXth century.
Nekuda kwaro, Guta reVatendi 333 rakatanga kufambira mberi kwaro muXIV, payakaverengerwa kuI.mali empire nokuda kwamambo Muse I. Hunhu hwayo nesimba zvakatowedzera makore zana gare gare, payakakundwa ne songhay empire. Pashure paikoko yakave yakakurumbira nokuda kwamaraibhurari ayo uye dura rezvinyorwa. Asi zvakare yakave yakakosha kuIslam nekuda kwekukosha kwayo sankore university, iyo inoonekwa seimwe yekutanga munyika.
Nechekare muna 1988 UNESCO yakaziviswa Nhaka Yenyika zhinji dzemosque dzayo uye ikava danda rekukwezva vashanyi. Nehurombo, izvi hazvisisiri izvo nekuda kwehugandanga hwejihadist. Asi haisiriyo yega njodzi huru yakatarisana naTimbuktu. Nekuti iri pazasi pe Sahara renje, jecha riri kupinda muguta.
Muchokwadi, nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti inogona kutonyangarika pasi pavo gore ra 2100. Chero zvazvingave, Timbuktu nhasi iguta rinobudirira remisika nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji uko kunosangana vanhu vane mukurumbira vanotama-tama. berbers.
Sei riri Guta reVatendi 333?
Airport yeGuta reVatendi 333
Kutsanangura kwakabva zita iri, tinofanira kudzokera kunhoroondo yeTimbuktu. Pesvedzero yechitendero yakakonzera kuti, kutenderedza Middle Ages, vatorwa vasiri vechiMuslim vakarambidzwa kupinda muguta. Sezvaunonzwisisa, izvi zvakabatsira kuwedzera halo yezvakavanzika iyo yakaipoteredza kutozosvikira pakusvika kwavaFrench muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Asi, pamusoro peizvi, isu hatirambi kukuudza anecdote inoda kuziva. Kare izvo zvisati zvaitika, mumwe munhu ari padyo nesu akashanyira Timbuktu, Tinokuudza nezve ngano Shumba muAfrica, uyo akapfuura nokwairi muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX ari pabasa rehurumende. Kana hunhu uhu husingaite sehwakajairika kwauri, isu tichataura nezvake.
Akazvarwa muGranada muna 1488 uye aive mumwe wevamiriri vaitungamira venguva yake. Mushure mekumanikidzwa kuenda España, mhuri yake yakagara muguta reMorocco reFez. Akawana dzidzo yokungwarira uye, somunhu mukuru, akabatira sultan weiyi nharaunda, achifamba norutivi rwakanaka rwenzvimbo iyi. Africa. Asi akafambawo kuenda Mecca oa Ijipiti.
Pane imwe yenzendo dzake, akatorwa nemumwe wake Pedro Cabrera naBobadilla, mwanakomana waMarquis weChinchón. Izvi, nekuona kuti aive munhu akakosha, zvakaita kuti awanikwe kune Papa Leo X. En Roma akatendeukira kuchiKristu, asi kupfuura zvose, akanyora chinyorwa chikuru Tsanangudzo yeAfrica uye zvinoshamisa zvinhu zviripo. Zvakadaro, tiri kutsauka kubva padingindira redu: kwakabva zita reGuta reVatendi 333.
Munguva yekubwinya kukuru kweTimbuktu, kwaive nenhamba yakanaka yemagamba mutaundi akabatsira mukupfumisa kwechitendero. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, parufu rwake vakava vanodzivirira vatsvene yehuwandu uye miviri yavo zvakaiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzezviyeuchidzo zvenzvimbo. Saka zita.
Asi, sezvo tiri kutaura pamusoro peizvi, tinodawo kutsanangura nei ichinzi Timbuktu. Hazvina kujeka uye kune akati wandei dzidziso nezvazvo. Inonyanya kugamuchirwa inoti mubatanidzwa we tin, zvinoreva nzvimbo, uye buktu. Rekupedzisira raiva zita remumwe mukadzi wechikuru wekuMaliya aigara munharaunda yacho. Pavaipfuura napo, vaTuareg vakamupa zvinhu zvavakanga vasingachadi.
Nechikonzero ichi, kana mumwe munhu akavabvunza kwavakavasiya, ivo vakapindura kuti mukati tin buktu, kureva kuti panzvimbo yeBuktu. Imwe thesis inotaura zvakafanana, asi inoshandura chembere kuita muranda wezita rimwe chete. Zvakadaro, zvakakosha kupfuura izvi ndezvekuti tinokuudza nezve zvinoshamisa zveGuta reVatendi mazana matatu nemakumi matatu.
Chii chekuona muTimbuktu
Courtyard paSankore University
Parizvino, guta iri rine huwandu hwevanhu vangangoita zviuru makumi mashanu nezvishanu vagari. Asi, kana ukaishanyira, chinhu chekutanga chinokushamisa ndechekuti zvinenge zvese Inovakwa neadobe uye madhaka. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinoshamisa zvake Wall makiromita mashanu. Zvaiva nemusoro zvichipiwa kuti ndiyo yainyanya kushandiswa munzvimbo iyi.
Asi pane chimwe chinhu chakakomba nezve monumental nhaka yeTimbuktu. Muchirevo che Hondo yeMali, guta rakawira mumaoko echikwata chemagandanga icho akaparadza shongwe dzaro zhinji sezvisina umwari. Masangano makuru etsika munyika akakumbira kuti zvishamiso zvetaundi zviremekedzwe, asi zvose zvakanga zvisingabatsiri.
Zvisinei, dzinoverengeka dzezviyeuchidzo zvayo zvakachengetedzwa. Ngatikurukurei nezvevamwe vakakurumbira.
Mamosque eGuta reVatendi 333
Djingareyber Mosque, imwe yeakanyanya kukosha muGuta reVatendi 333
Mumazuva ayo, Timbuktu yakasvika pakuve nayo zana nemakumi masere mamosque kune zvimwe zvinoshamisa. Vazhinji havachipo. Asi, pakati peaya asara, akatanhamara ndiwo Djingareyber's. Yakavakwa muzana remakore rechigumi nemana (gore 1327) nemumwe murume ane mbiri kubva kuGranada, kunyange zvazvo iri pasi pemuAfrica. Zviri pamusoro pemugadziri Ishaq Es Saheli.
Ndiyo yega muguta yakavhurika kune vasiri maMuslim uye ine hukuru hunoshamisa. Kuti ndikupe pfungwa, ine zvigadziko zvitatu zvemukati, mbiru dzinopfuura makumi maviri dzakarongeka uye minareti mbiri, asi, pamusoro pezvose, ine nzvimbo yekunamatira inokwana zviuru zviviri zvevanhu. Ndizvo zvakare mumwe wevatatu madrasah kana nzvimbo dzekufunda dzeYunivhesiti yeSankore uye inobata kucherechedzwa kweWorld Heritage.
Chaizvoizvo sankore mosque Ndiyo imwe yaunofanira kuona muGuta reVatendi 333. Muchiitiko chake, yakavakwa mugore ra1300, kunyange zvazvo yakavakwazve muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Zvadaro zvakaitwa nenzira yekuti patio yayo yakanga ine zviyero zvakafanana iyo Kaaba kana Imba yaMwari ya Mecca. Saizvozvowo, shongwe yayo yakasarudzika inomira pachena panobva mapango emapuranga anonzi torones. Chinangwa cheizvi chaisagona kuva chakapfava. Vakashanda sematanho ekuwana kumusoro uye nekudaro vanokwanisa kuidzosera iyo adobe yakanga yapera.
Kune chikamu chayo, yechitatu mosque yakakura yeTimbuktu iri Sidi Yahya's, iyo ine zita rayo kune imam wekutanga akaitungamirira uye akavigwa mairi. Anoonekwa, chaizvo, mumwe wevatsvene vatakambotaura nezvavo. Muchiitiko chake, mosque yakavakwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemashanu uye yakatora makore makumi mana kuti ipere.
Timbuktu Libraries
Iyo Ahmed Baba Documentation Center
Imwe huru inokwezva yeGuta reVatendi 333 ndiyo inoumbwa nemaraibhurari ayo akasiyana. Pakati pavo, vashoma chete vasara, vakadai weAndalusian kana the Ahmed Baba Documentation Center. Wekupedzisira aive muzivi mukuru wemuSahara akararama pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX uye akatipa mabhuku anopfuura makumi mana.
Asi chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti, chaizvo, kuti titaure newe nezve Timbuktu manyoro anowanikwa mumaraibhurari aya. Mazhinji acho akachengetedzwa nekuti akaburitswa kunze kweguta pakasvika boka rinotyisa reJihadist Ansar Dine kuti vaende navo. Bamako. Sezvineiwo, vakakwanisa kuzviponesa kubva mukuparadzwa kwavakaita.
Aya zviuru zvezvinyorwa zvenguva pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX izvo chengeta uchenjeri maive muGuta reVatendi mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nevatatu munguva dzepakati. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vanobata nemisoro yakasiyana-siyana. Kune avo vanobata nekufamba kwemapuraneti, pamusoro pekuti dzidzo yevana inofanira kuva sei uye kunyange nezvezvimwe zvirwere uye marapiro avo. Asi vamwe vanobatawo nenyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika, kuverenga kwemasvomhu uye kunyange kurondedzera nzendo dzekuChina.
Hatifanire kutsanangura kukosha kukuru yezvinyorwa izvi zvenhoroondo yeruzivo. Nenzira, mumakore achangopfuura maitiro atanga kuvaisa padijitari kuitira kuti vasazove munjodzi zvakare. Zvinozvitarisira Savama Association, uyo aitarisirawo kuvachengetedza pavakabva kuTimbuktu.
Mukupedzisa, takuratidza iwe zvaunogona kushanyira mu Guta reVatendi mazana matatu nenhatu. Sezvatakakuudza, zviyeuchidzo zvishoma zvakasara muguta rino rine makore ane chiuru edobe nemadhaka nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwevanyanyisi vakaritora muna 2012. Asi Timbuktu ichiri kuchengetedza. runako nezvakavanzika zvagara zvichiitirwa vanhu vokumavirira. shinga kusangana naye.