Ukufunyanwa kwemiqolomba yaseAltamira ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwakuthetha ukujika kolwazi olwalufanele lube lolwangaphambi kwembali yomntu: ekubeni wayejongwa njengomntu wasendle, wabonwa njengomntu onobuntununtunu okwaziyo ukubumba indalo iphela ubuchule obumangalisayo. Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kunye nezona zokuqala zabonisa ubuchule babantu.
Imiqolomba yaseAltamira, ebekwe eCantabria, inokwamkelwa njengendawo yokuqala emhlabeni apho kwafunyanwa ubugcisa bomqolomba obuvela kwiPaleolithic ephezulu. Emva koko, sazi enye yezona zinto zigcinwe kakuhle eSpeyin.
Imbali yokufumanisa
Imiqolomba yaseAltamira yafunyanwa ngengozi, ngo-1868, yinja eyayizingela nomniniyo, uModesto Cubillas, kule ndawo. Ukuleqa ixhoba, wafumana indawo encinci ekhokelela emqolombeni kwaye kwindlela ebuyayo, iiCubillas zazazisa ezi ndaba kubamelwane bakhe, abangazange bazinike ukubaluleka ngenxa yokuba bekholelwa ukuba yenye nje yegrotto.
Phakathi kwabantu awayebaxelele le ndaba umzingeli yayinguMarcelino Sanz de Sautuola, umnini osisityebi woluntu oluphakamileyo lwaseCantabrian othathelwa ingqalelo njengomphengululi kule ndawo kwaye wayethanda i-paleontology.
Kwakungowe-1879 xa uSautuola, ehamba nentombazana yakhe eneminyaka esibhozo uMaría, efumanisa imizobo esilingini xa wayesiya emiqolombeni ngenjongo yokuqokelela amathambo amathambo kunye nelitye. Wayenomdla kakhulu ngokufunyanwa kwale mizobo yezilwanyana kangangokuba kunyaka olandelayo wapapasha incwadi encinci yezenzululwazi eAltamira.
Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha kwakucingwa ukuba le mizobo yayingemdala kangako kwaye yayenziwe ngomzobi othile ongathandekiyo, nto leyo eyayibangela ukuthandabuza ingakumbi eFrance.
Ukusweleka kukaSautuola kubonakala ngathi kugweba imiqolomba yaseAltamira, kodwa ixabiso lazo laxhaswa ngokuthe ngcembe zizinto zobugcisa ezifanayo emiqolombeni eyahlukeneyo kwilizwekazi.
Umfanekiso | Isizathu
Iimpawu zemiqolomba yeAltamira
Imiqolomba yayisetyenziswa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ngakumbi eMagdalenian naseSolutrean. Ngale ndlela, kunokuthiwa yongeza malunga ne-22.000 yeminyaka yokusebenza ngaphakathi kwePaleolithic ephezulu. Isimbo sakhe sibonakaliswa kwisikolo ekuthiwa sisikolo saseFranco-Cantabrian, esibonakaliswa ngokwenyani kwamanani ezilwanyana kunye namanani e-anthropomorphic, nangona kukho imizobo engabonakaliyo.
Inobukhulu obuncinci, kuba ziimitha ezingama-270 kuphela ubude. Ngaphakathi kuyo, zichazwe iindawo ezininzi, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu njengegumbi lokungenisa kunye neGumbi lePolychrome. Abemi bayo bachitha ixesha elininzi emini kufutshane nokungena kuba yayikukuphela kwendawo ekhanyiswe liLanga kwaye apho benza ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla ngaphakathi emqolombeni, apho inokufikeleleka kuphela ngokukhanya okungekuko kulapho imizobo ivela khona. Njengokuba ingaphakathi lomqolomba limnyama ngokupheleleyo, ukuze bakwazi ukupeyinta kukholelwa ukuba basebenzise izibane zomongo abazenzileyo ngamanqatha akhutshwe emathanjeni ezilwanyana.
Elona gumbi libaluleke kakhulu libizwa ngokuba liGumbi lePolychrome, kwaye inyathi yeyona isezona zilwanyana ziphambili. Amadoda angaphambi kwembali ayeqhelene ncam nezilwanyana abazipeyintayo kwiindonga zomqolomba waseAltamira, njengoko babehlala ngokuzingela kwaye bachitha ixesha elininzi becinga ngazo. Ukongeza, babebazi ubuchwephesha bokubazala ngobunyani obukhulu, njengokuthatha ithuba lommandla ophume eluphahleni kunye neendonga ukupeyinta ngaphezulu kwabo kunye nokufezekisa isiphumo esifanelekileyo. Ngesi sizathu ifumene isidlaliso seSistine Chapel sobugcisa bamatye.
Umfanekiso | Iphephandaba laseMontañes
Ulondolozo lwemiqolomba yeAltamira
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe yenkulungwane ephelileyo, ngaphezulu kwe-173.000 yabantu batyelele umqolomba waseAltamira, owatshintsha ngokuyingozi imeko yendalo eyayiyigcinile kwimbali. Ngenxa yokonakala kwepeyinti, kwagqitywa ekubeni kuvalwe imiqolomba iminyaka embalwa de iphinde ivulwe kuluntu ngezithintelo ezithile.
Umlinganiso uqhubeke kude kube sekuqalekeni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, xa kwagqitywa iNeocave, umfanekiso ochanekileyo womqolomba waseAltamira, apho iindlela ezifanayo zokupeyinta zazisetyenziswa ngabemi bamandulo.
Okwangoku, ngabantu abahlanu kuphela abanokungena emiqolombeni eAltamira ngokuzoba kube kanye ngeveki, kangangesiqingatha seyure kwaye bahlala bekhatshwa zizikhokelo ezibini ngenjongo yokubagcina kangangoko.