Ukutholakala kwemihume yase-Altamira ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX kwakusho ukuguqulwa kolwazi okwakudingeka ukuthi lube khona endodeni yangaphambi komlando: kusukela ekubhekweni njengomuntu wasendle, wabonwa njengomuntu onozwela okwazi ukubumba indawo yakhe yonke nge inqubo emangalisayo. Ingesinye sezichasiselo ezinkulu nezokuqala kakhulu zokudala komuntu.
Ama-Altamira Caves, atholakala eCantabria, amukelwa njengendawo yokuqala emhlabeni lapho ubuciko bomhume obuvela e-Upper Paleolithic bukhonjwe khona. Okulandelayo, sazi omunye wemithombo yezithombe egcinwe kahle kunazo zonke eSpain.
Umlando wokutholwa
Emigedeni yase-Altamira kwatholakala ngengozi, ngo-1868, yinja eyayizingela nomnikazi wayo, uModesto Cubillas, endaweni. Ejaha inyamazane, wathola imbobo encane eyaholela emgedeni kwathi ekubuyeni kwakhe, uCubillas wazisa lezi zindaba komakhelwane bakhe, abangazange bazibalule kangako ngoba babekholelwa ukuthi kwakungezinye nje izindawo.
Phakathi kwabantu umzingeli abanikeze lezi zindaba kwakukhona noMarcelino Sanz de Sautuola, umnikazi ocebile womphakathi ophakeme waseCantabrian owayethathwa njengesifundiswa endaweni futhi ethanda i-paleontology.
Kwaze kwaba ngo-1879 lapho uSautuola, ehambisana nendodakazi yakhe eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili uMaría, bethola imidwebo ethile ophahleni lapho eya emigedeni ngenhloso yokuqoqa izinsalela zamathambo nensengetsha. Wayenomdlandla ngokutholakala kwaleyo midwebo yezilwane kangangokuba ngonyaka olandelayo washicilela incwadi encane yesayensi e-Altamira.
Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi le midwebo yayingemidala kangako nokuthi yenziwe ngumdwebi othile ongaconsi phansi, okwenza lokhu kutholakale kungabazeka ikakhulukazi eFrance.
Ukushona kukaSautuola kubonakale kugweba imihume yase-Altamira ekukhohlweni, kepha inani lazo lavunyelwa kancane kancane ukutholwa kwezinye izingcezu zobuciko ezifanayo emihumeni ehlukahlukene kuleli zwekazi.
Isithombe | Isizathu
Izici zomhume wase-Altamira
Le migede yayisetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi eMagdalenian naseSolutrean. Ngale ndlela, kungashiwo ukuthi ingeza cishe iminyaka engama-22.000 yomsebenzi ngaphakathi kwe-Upper Paleolithic. Isitayela sakhe siboniswa esikoleni okuthiwa yiFranco-Cantabrian, esibonakala ngeqiniso lezibalo zezilwane kanye nezibalo ze-anthropomorphic, yize kukhona nemidwebo engaqondakali.
Inobukhulu obuncane, ngoba ingamamitha angu-270 kuphela ubude. Ngaphakathi kwalo, kuchazwe izindawo eziningana, okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo indawo yokwamukela izivakashi neGumbi lePolychrome. Izakhamizi zalo zachitha isikhathi esiningi sosuku eduze nomnyango kwazise kwakuwukuphela kwendawo ekhanyiswe yiLanga futhi lapho benza impilo yabo yansuku zonke ngenkathi bengaphakathi komhume, lapho kungafinyelelwa khona kuphela ngokukhanya okwenziwe kulapho imidwebo ivela khona. Njengoba ingxenye yangaphakathi yomgede imnyama bhuqe, ukuze bapende kukholakala ukuthi basebenzise amalambu omnkantsha abawenza ngamanoni akhishwe emathanjeni ezilwane.
Igumbi elibaluleke kunawo wonke libizwa ngeGumbi LePolychrome, nenyathi kube yisilwane esiyinhloko. Amadoda angaphambi komlando ayejwayelene ngokuphelele nezilwane abazidweba ezindongeni zomhume wase-Altamira, ngoba babephila ngokuzingela futhi bachitha isikhathi esiningi becabanga ngazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babazi amasu okuzizala ngobuningi obukhulu, njengokusebenzisa izindawo ezaziphuma ophahleni nasezindongeni ukuzipenda ngaphezulu kwazo futhi zifeze umphumela ongokoqobo. Ngalesi sizathu ithole isidlaliso seSistine Chapel sobuciko bamadwala.
Isithombe | Iphephandaba i-Montañés
Ukulondolozwa kwemihume yase-Altamira
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa nesikhombisa yekhulu elidlule, abantu abangaphezu kuka-173.000 bavakashela umhume wase-Altamira, owashintsha ngobungozi izimo zemvelo ezazilondoloze umlando. Ngenxa yokonakala kwemidwebo, kwathathwa isinqumo sokuthi kuvalwe imigede iminyaka embalwa ize ivulwe emphakathini ngemikhawulo ethile.
Isilinganiso saze saqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, lapho iNeocave isiqediwe, umfanekiso ofana ncamashi nomhume wase-Altamira, lapho kwakusetshenziswa izindlela ezifanayo zokudweba njengezakhamuzi zasendulo.
Njengamanje, ngabantu abahlanu kuphela abangangena emigedeni ye-Altamira ngokudweba kanye ngesonto, isigamu sehora futhi njalo okuhambisana nemihlahlandlela emibili ngenhloso yokuyigcina ngangokunokwenzeka.