Isithombe | I-Wikipedia
Inhlokodolobha yasePoland, iWarsaw, namuhla iyidolobha elinempilo elinabantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezi-2 lapho okwendabuko nokwesimanje kuthakazeleka khona kuwo wonke amakhona wedolobha. Indawo emangalisayo eyacekelwa phansi ngokuphelele phakathi neMpi Yezwe II kepha yakwazi ukuvuka emlotheni wayo. Indawo eyajeziswa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyiWarsaw Ghetto, indawo yokuhlala enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni lapho babevalelwe khona ngenkani phakathi kuka-Okthoba noNovemba 1940 ngamaNazi.
Ukuqala kweWarsaw Ghetto
Ngo-1939 ngenkathi kuhlaselwa iPoland, uhulumeni oholwa nguHans Frank wanquma ukuhlukanisa umphakathi wamaJuda ohlala eWarsaw kubo bonke abantu basePoland. Isisusa bekuwukuletha izindlela ezifanayo zokulwa namaSulumane ezazivele zikhona eJalimane ezweni, into iMeya entsha uLudwig Fischer ayezoyinakekela kamuva.
Ngale ndlela, cishe imindeni engama-90.000 yasePoland yadluliselwa ngenkani endaweni eyayiyi-ghetto yamaJuda evela eNkathini Ephakathi lapho iPoland yayingumbusi nje. Yize ukushiya amakhaya abo bekungukuhlukumezeka kwangempela bebesenayo inkululeko yokuhamba ngokuzungeza lonke idolobha kodwa NgoNovemba 1940, amasosha ama-SS azungeza i-Warsaw ghetto ngokungalindelekile futhi aqala ukwakha udonga Amamitha ama-4 ukuphakama namamitha ayi-18 ubude ahlukanisa amaJuda angama-300.000 angafika kuma-500.000 maphakathi nempi.
Uhulumeni waseWarsaw ghetto wawela komunye owawubizwa ngokuthi yiWarsaw Jewish Council oholwa ngu-Adam Czerniaków, owawuphethe abaphathi bangaphakathi be-ghetto kanye noxhumana namaJalimane nabasePoland phesheya. Lokhu kuphatha kwakwakhiwa yizikhulu zonxiwankulu bamaJuda ngenkathi ezinye izakhamizi ezazicwile ebuphofini. Eqinisweni, ukulawula lezi zinsuku, kwamiswa amaphoyisa angamaJuda afakwa izembatho zawo ezigqoke iyunifomu ephethe amabhande angamaJuda futhi ephethe izigqoko zasungula umbuso ononya ngakubo.
Isithombe | Umlando Kakhulu
Impilo egoli
Impilo yaseWarsaw Ghetto yayingelula ngoba akekho owayengahamba ngaphandle kwalabo ababephoqelelwa abasebenzi bakahulumeni futhi njalo bengaphansi kokuphelezelwa ngama-SS noma ngamaPoles eBlue Police.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1941, iWarsaw Ghetto yayisemaphethelweni endlala ngenxa yokudliwa nokuthathwa yi-SS. Isimo singancishiswa ngenxa yokuhlelelwa ngokufanele kokuhlinzekiwe. Kodwa-ke, ehlobo langalowonyaka ofanayo, iJalimane yahlasela iSoviet Union kanti iWarsaw Ghetto yasenza sibi kakhulu isimo sayo ngoba kulesi sikhathi zonke izinsiza zabelwa umkhankaso wezempi eRussia. Ngenxa yalokhu kushoda nokusabalala kwesifo se-typhus, izinkulungwane zabantu zabulawa yindlala nsuku zonke.
UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe kuqala
Uma isimo besivele sidabukisa eWarsaw Ghetto, saqhubeka saba sibi kakhulu lapho iFinal Solution eYurophu iqala ngoJulayi 1942. UMkhandlu WamaJuda waziswa ukuthi iWarsaw Ghetto izokhishwa ukuze ifudusele abantu eMpumalanga Yurophu. Labo abamelene nabo bashaywa baboshwa futhi ekugcineni bafakwa esitimeleni esinezimoto zezinkomo badingiselwa ekamu lokufa laseTreblinka lapho babulawa khona emakamelweni kagesi.
Phakathi nengxenye yokuqala ka-1942, inani labantu baseWarsaw Ghetto lehliswa kakhulu ngoba izitimela zazihamba nsuku zonke ziye emakamu okufa. Ubukhulu bokuQothulwa Kwesizwe babungangokuthi bekungenakwenzeka ukukufihla kubahlali baseWarsaw Ghetto ngo-1943, ngakho-ke abantu abaningi bakhetha ukufa belwa kunokubulawa kabuhlungu. Yazalwa kanjena-ke iKomiti Yokudidiyela YamaJuda, eyayenza izenzo zokumelana namaNazi njengaleyo ebizwa ngokuthi yiWarsaw Ghetto Uprising empini yayo eyathatha inyanga yonke ngo-1943. Lokhu kuhlubuka kwashiya amaJuda angama-70.000 efile, phakathi kwalabo abawela empini naseziboshweni, abanye babo babezodutshulwa ngokushesha bese kuthi abanye badingiselwe ukuyofakwa ugesi ekamu lokufa laseTreblinka.
Ngokunqotshwa kovuko lwaseWarsaw Ghetto, indawo yangakubo yayingenamuntu nhlobo nazo zonke izakhiwo eziphenduke imfucumfucu. ISoviet Union yanqoba iWarsaw ekuqaleni kuka-1945.
Isithombe | Itongadol
IWarsaw Ghetto namuhla
Umlando wamaJuda aseWarsaw asePoland ubonakala namuhla kuwo wonke amagumbi wedolobha, njengeNogek Synagogue. Eduze kwaleli thempeli, phakathi kweMarszalkowska Street neGrzybowski Square Amabhilidi acekelwe phansi angunombolo 7, 9, 12 no-14 akhona, asenamafasitela aphukile namabhalkhoni aphihliziwe, okukhumbuza lokho kubhidlika.
Kukhona umgwaqo owasinda ekubhujisweni nokuthi ngaphandle kokuhlaselwa kweRussia neJalimane ugcine igama lawo: iProzna Street. Nazi izakhiwo lapho umthelela we-shrapnel usengabonakala khona. Sishiya lo mgwaqo iProzna silibangise eMnyuziyamu Womlando WamaJuda asePoland, enkabeni yalokho okwakuyiWarsaw Ghetto.
Umnyuziyamu ubonakala ngokuba wesimanje futhi osebenzisanayo nangokuchaza ngokuningiliziwe umlando womphakathi wamaJuda wasePoland embukisweni olandelela iminyaka eyi-1000 yomlando wamaJuda kulelizwe. Umsuka wayo, isiko layo, izizathu zokuthi kungani iPoland yamukela amaJuda ngendlela ekhethwayo nokuthi yaqala kanjani leyomizwa yokulwa namaSulumane eyavela kuma-40s wekhulu lama-XNUMX yaze yaholela ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe.
Phambi komnyuziyamu kumi itshe lesikhumbuzo elihlonipha amaJuda ahola udlame eWarsaw Ghetto ngo-1943. Ngakolunye uhlangothi amaJuda abonwa elandelana bese ebhekisa phansi, kolunye uhlangothi kukhonjiswa lapho babheka khona ngqo phambili nangomoya wokulwa.