La Idolobha labaNgcwele abangama-333 ingelinye lamahlelo amukelayo Timbuktu. Yaziwa nangokuthi "iPearl of the Desert" futhi, njengoba wazi, itholakala engxenyeni emaphakathi ye-Desert. Mali, izwe lesishiyagalombili ngobukhulu e Afrika. Ngakho-ke, itholakala endaweni esentshonalanga yezwekazi kanye nemingcele, phakathi kwabanye, nge Mauritania, Senegal, I-Algeria, I-Cote d'Ivoire o I-Niger.
Ngokuqondile, umfula omkhulu waleli gama udlula cishe amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa ukusuka eTimbuktu, uwunike amanzi owadingayo. Yidolobha elinesimo esikhethekile, elenze laba indawo yokudlula umzila wokuhweba we-trans-saharan wamnika ukunotha okukhulu. Okulandelayo, sizokuchaza konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana neDolobha labaNgcwele abangama-333.
Kancane komlando we-Timbuktu
Umgwaqo eTimbuktu
Idolobha lase livele laziwa ngezikhathi ze UHerodotus, olicaphuna kweminye yemibhalo yakhe. Njengoba sinitshelile, idume ngomzila wokuhweba owawuhamba kulo lonke izwe ENtshonalanga Afrika ukuthwala okuthengiswayo kusuka endaweni ethile kuya kwenye futhi okwaphila ukuphila kwayo phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iDolobha lama-333 Saints laqala inqubekelaphambili yalo nge-XIV, lapho lixhunywe ku-I.umbuso wemali okwenkosi Muse I. Ubungqabavu namandla ayo kwaqina nakakhulu eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, lapho inqotshwa yi- i-songhay empire. Ngemva kwalokho yaduma ngemitapo yolwazi kanye nengobo yomlando. Kodwa futhi yaba yinto ebalulekile ku-Islam ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo enyuvesi yaseSankore, ebhekwa njengenye yezokuqala emhlabeni.
Kakade ngo-1988 i-UNESCO yamemezela Amagugu Emhlaba eziningi zama-mosque zayo futhi yaba isigxobo sokuheha izivakashi. Ngeshwa, lokhu akusekho ngenxa yobuphekula be-jihadist. Kodwa akuyona yodwa ingozi enkulu uTimbuktu abhekene nayo. Ngoba itholakala phansi kwe- Ugwadule iSahara, izihlabathi zihlasela umuzi.
Eqinisweni, ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi kungase kunyamalale ngaphansi kwabo cishe ngonyaka ka-2100. Kunoma yikuphi, i-Timbuktu namuhla iyidolobha elikhulayo lezimakethe nezinye izindawo zomphakathi lapho abantu abadumile abayimizulane behlangana khona. ama-berbers.
Kungani kuyiDolobha labaNgcwele abangama-333?
Isikhumulo sezindiza seDolobha lama-333 Saints
Ukuze sichaze umsuka waleli gama, kufanele sibuyele emlandweni we-Timbuktu. Ithonya lenkolo labangela ukuthi, ngeNkathi Ephakathi, abantu bangaphandle abangewona amaSulumane banqatshelwe ukungena edolobheni. Njengoba uzoqonda, lokhu kube nomthelela ekwandiseni isibalo halo yemfihlakalo eyalizungeza kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika amaFulentshi ekhulwini le-XNUMX.
Kodwa, mayelana nalokhu, asimelani nokukutshela i-anecdote enelukuluku. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwalokho, othile oseduze nathi wavakashela iTimbuktu, Sikutshela mayelana nenganekwane Ngonyama umAfrika, owadlula kulo ngekhulu le-XNUMX esemsebenzini wobunxusa. Uma kwenzeka lo mlingiswa engezwakali kuwena, sizokhuluma ngaye.
Wazalelwa eGranada ngo-1488 futhi wayengomunye wamanxusa ahamba phambili ngesikhathi sakhe. Ngemva kokuphoqwa ukuba ahambe España, umkhaya wakhe wazinza edolobheni laseMorocco iFez. Wathola imfundo ecophelelayo futhi, lapho esemdala, wakhonza umbusi walendawo, edabula ingxenye enkulu yesifunda. Afrika. Kodwa naye wahamba waya IMecca uya I-Egypt.
Kolunye uhambo lwakhe, wabanjwa umuntu wakubo UPedro Cabrera noBobadilla, indodana yeMarquis yaseChinchón. Lokhu, ngokubona ukuthi kwakungumuntu obalulekile, kwakwenza kutholakale kumuntu UPapa Leo X. e amaRom waguqukela ebuKristwini, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, wabhala incwadi eyisikhumbuzo Incazelo ye-Afrika kanye nezinto eziphawulekayo ezikhona. Nokho, siyachezuka esihlokweni sethu: umsuka wegama leDolobha labaNgcwele abangama-333.
Ngesikhathi sobukhazikhazi obukhulu beTimbuktu, bekunenani elikhulu lamaqhawe edolobheni aba nesandla ekunothisweni kwalo ngokwenkolo. Ngaleso sizathu, ekufeni kwakhe baba abangcwele abavikelayo inani labantu kanye nemizimba yabo yafakwa ezikhumbuzo ezihlukene zendawo. Ngakho igama.
Kodwa, njengoba sikhuluma ngalokhu, sifuna futhi ukuchaza kungani ibizwa nge-Timbuktu. Akucaci futhi kunemibono eminingana ngakho. Eyamukelwa kakhulu ithi iyinyunyana ye tin, okusho indawo, futhi bhukthu. Lona kwakungugama lowesifazane osekhulile waseMali owayehlala endaweni. Lapho edlula kuyo, abakwaTuareg bamnika izimpahla ababengasazidingi.
Ngaleso sizathu, uma othile ebabuza ukuthi ubashiye kuphi, baphendule lokho thini bhuti, okusho ukuthi endaweni yaseBuktu. Enye i-thesis isho okufanayo, kodwa iphendulela isalukazi sibe yisigqila segama elifanayo. Nokho, okubaluleke kakhulu kunalokhu ukuthi sikutshele ngezimangaliso zeDolobha labaNgcwele abangama-333.
Yini ongayibona eTimbuktu
Courtyard eNyuvesi yaseSankore
Njengamanje, leli dolobha linabantu ababalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu. Kodwa, uma uyivakashela, into yokuqala ezokumangaza ukuthi cishe konke Yakhiwe ngodaka nodaka. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umbukwane wakhe Udonga amakhilomitha amahlanu. Kwakunengqondo uma kubhekwa ukuthi kwakuyizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu endaweni.
Kodwa kukhona okunye okubucayi mayelana nefa elikhulu le-Timbuktu. Esimweni se- Impi yaseMali, idolobha lawela ezandleni zeqembu lamaphekula ukuthi wacekela phansi izikhumbuzo zakhona eziningi njengezibi. Izikhungo ezinkulu zamasiko emhlabeni zacela ukuthi izimangaliso zedolobha zihlonishwe, kodwa konke kwakungenamsebenzi.
Nokho, ambalwa ezikhumbuzo zalo agciniwe. Ake sixoxe ngezinye zezinto ezivelele kakhulu.
Ama-mosque eDolobha lama-333 Saints
I-Djingareyber Mosque, enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu eDolobheni labaNgcwele abangama-333
Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwayo, i-Timbuktu yaba nayo ama-mosque ayikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili lapho okumangalisayo. Abaningi abasekho. Kodwa, phakathi kwalezo ezisele, okugqame kakhulu I-Djingareyber's. Yakhiwa ngekhulu leshumi nane (unyaka we-1327) ngenye indoda edumile yaseGranada, nakuba ingaphansi kwe-Afrika. Imayelana nomakhi Ishaq Es Saheli.
Yilona lodwa edolobheni elivulekele abangewona amaSulumane futhi linobukhulu obumangalisayo. Ukukunikeza umbono, inezitebhisi ezintathu zangaphakathi, izinsika eziqondile ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili kanye namamitha amabili, kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, inendawo yokuthandaza enamandla yabantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbili. Kunjalo futhi okukodwa kwabathathu i-madrasah noma izikhungo zokufunda zeNyuvesi yaseSankore futhi ephethe ukuqashelwa kweGugu Lomhlaba.
Ngokufanele i sankore mosque Ngelinye okumele ulibone eDolobheni labaNgcwele 333. Endabeni yakhe, yakhiwa cishe ngonyaka we-1300, nakuba yakhiwa kabusha ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Khona-ke kwenziwa ngendlela yokuthi i-patio yayo ibe nezilinganiso ezifanayo njenge iKaaba noma iNdlu kaNkulunkulu IMecca. Ngokufanayo, umbhoshongo wawo oyingqayizivele ugqamile okuphuma kuwo izigxobo zokhuni ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-torones. Inhloso yalokhu ibingeke ibe lula. Zisebenze njengezinyathelo zokufinyelela phezulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela zikwazi ukukubuyisela lapho i-adobe igugile.
Ngokwengxenye yayo, i-mosque yesithathu enkulu yaseTimbuktu i Le yindawo ka Sidi Yahya, okuqanjwe igama layo ku-imam wokuqala owayiqondisa futhi ongcwatshwe kuyo. Ubhekwa, ngokunembile, omunye wabangcwele esikhulume ngabo ngaphambili. Endabeni yakhe, i-mosque yakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu futhi yathatha iminyaka engamashumi amane ukuyiqeda.
Imitapo yolwazi yaseTimbuktu
I-Ahmed Baba Documentation Center
Okunye okukhanga kakhulu kweDolobha lama-333 Saints yilona elakhiwe imitapo yolwazi yalo ehlukene. Phakathi kwabo, kusele abambalwa kuphela, njengokuthi isi-Andalusian noma i Ahmed Baba Documentation Center. Lona wakamuva wayengungqondongqondo omkhulu waseSahara owaphila phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX futhi esishiyele izincwadi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amane.
Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi, ngokuqondile, ukuthi sikhulume nawe mayelana ne Imibhalo yesandla ye-Timbuktu ezitholakala kulemitapo yolwazi. Abaningi babo bagciniwe ngoba bakhishwa edolobheni ngesikhathi kufika iqembu elisabekayo lama-jihadist i-Ansar Dine ukubayisa Bamako. Ngenhlanhla, bakwazi ukuzisindisa ekubhujisweni ababekubangele.
Lezi izinkulungwane zemibhalo eyabhalwa phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX ukuthi gcina ukuhlakanipha lokho kwakuseDolobheni labaNgcwele abangu-333 ngezikhathi zenkathi ephakathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, babhekana nezihloko ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Kukhona ezithinta ukuhamba kwamaplanethi, mayelana nokuthi imfundo yezingane kufanele ibe kanjani ngisho nangezifo ezithile kanye nokwelapha kwazo. Kepha abanye babuye babhekane nezindaba zezepolitiki, izibalo zezibalo futhi baxoxe ngohambo oluya eChina.
Asidingi ukuchaza ukubaluleka kwenhlokodolobha yale mibhalo yesandla yomlando wolwazi. Ngendlela, eminyakeni yamuva nje inqubo isiqalile ukuwafaka kudijithali ukuze angaphinde abe sengozini. Kuyayinakekela Inhlangano ye-Savama, owayephethe nokubavikela ngesikhathi besuka eTimbuktu.
Sengiphetha, sikubonise ukuthi yini ongayivakashela ku- Idolobha labaNgcwele abangama-333. Njengoba sesinitshelile, ambalwa amatshe esikhumbuzo asele kuleli dolobhana leminyaka eyinkulungwane le-adobe nodaka ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwezihlubuki ababehlala kulo ngo-2012. Kodwa iTimbuktu isalondoloza ubuhle kanye nemfihlakalo belilokhu linabo abasentshonalanga. Alinge ukumhlangabeza.