izizwe zase-Afrika

I-Las izizwe zase-Afrika Ziyinhlanganisela yezinkulungwane zeminyaka yomlando. Imvamisa, azihlanganise lutho nemingcele yesimanje phakathi kwezifunda ezakha leli zwekazi, njengoba lezi zazibekwe emngceleni. inqubo ye-decolonization. Nokho, lezo zizwe zazivele zikhona kudala ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu.

Kufanele uhlale ukukhumbula lokho Afrika Ithatha cishe amaphesenti angamashumi amabili omhlaba ovelayo futhi ineshumi nanhlanu labantu emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, kusuka Morocco kuze kube Cape of Good Hope futhi kusuka Senegal up Somalia Amasiko nempucuko engenakubalwa iye yathuthuka phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Ziningi kangangokuthi ngeke sikwazi ukukutshela ngazo zonke. Ngakho-ke, sizokwenza kusukela ezizweni ezimele kakhulu nezifuna ukwazi zase-Afrika.

isizwe samaZulu

Ukuze sibe neqiniso, kufanele sikhulume nge- isizulu isizwe, njengoba lakhiwe abantu abangaba izigidi eziyishumi. Idabuka esifundazweni saseNingizimu Afrika i KwaZulu-Natal, nakuba selisakazekele ezindaweni zase IsiZulu, Zambia y Mozambique.

Kukholakala ukuthi imvelaphi yayo ivela emndenini owasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, nakuba kakade kulelo khulu leminyaka babehweba namaPutukezi. Umholi wayo wokuqala omkhulu kwaba senzagakona, owaqala ukuhlanganiswa kwezizwe ezahlukene. Nokho, kungaba njalo dingiswayo lowo odale ucingo Umbuso wakwaZulu, ebuye yaziwe ngeleZululand.

Ukubaluleka kwabo kuzobonakala ngokuthi bakwazi ukulwa impi namaNgisi ngo-1879. Banqotshwa, kodwa baletha abeLungu onqenqemeni lokuwa. Kunalokho, yibona abalahlekelwa ukuzimela futhi abaphindanga bakuthole. Nokho, bayaqhubeka bezihlanganisa ngemindeni ehlonipha igunya lenkosi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ulimi olukhulunywa amaZulu lusuka kulo bantú futhi inkolo yakhe onkulunkulu abaningi. Bahlonipha, ikakhulukazi onkulunkulu abahlanganisa izici zemvelo ezinjengomhlaba, ilanga noma imvula. Okubaluleke kakhulu, nokho, umvelinqangi, emelelwa ukuduma nokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngokuqondene nendlela yabo yokuphila, babengabantu abangamaqhawe, kodwa manje sekunjalo umfuyi kanye nezolimo. Benza isithembu futhi banezingane eziningi. Eqinisweni, lapho bebaningi, umndeni wabo ubaluleke kakhulu. Ekugcineni, indlela yabo yokudansa engavamile isidumile, lapho bebonakala bevevezela.

abantu baseMursi

Incane kakhulu kunalena eyedlule, njengoba inabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye, lesi sizwe sidabuka khona Ethiopia. Futhi, ikakhulukazi, kusukela esifundeni I-Central Omo. Impela ubonile umbiko ngaye futhi uzombona ngoba bavamise ukufaka izingcwecwe zobumba ezifakwe ezindebeni nasezindlebeni zabo.

Bakhuluma ulimi oluyinkimbinkimbi olubizwa, ngokuqondile, i-mursi futhi ingeyezilimi zaseNilo-Saharan. Ngokuqondene nenhlangano yabo yezenhlalakahle, bahlelwe ngokwezibongo futhi balawulwa yi wadonsa o imikhandlu yabadala. Inkolo yabo ihlonipha amandla aphakeme abizwa isisu, okungase kuhlanganiswe ezicini eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, inyoni noma uthingo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokho kwezitsha akuwona kuphela umkhuba othakazelisayo we-Mursi. Amadoda akhe apenda imizimba yawo ngoshoki omhlophe futhi abeke Dunga, impi yomkhosi yezinduku lapho abanqobi bezuza khona ukuhlonishwa abanye kanye nelungelo lokukhetha umfazi.

Ngokomnotho, baphila ngaphandle ezolimo, ikakhulukazi ekulimeni amabele nommbila, nakuba bebuye baqoqe uju. Ngokufanayo, banjalo ama-ganaderos, ikakhulukazi izinkomo. Njengoba ibanikeza ukudla, bayihlonipha kakhulu. Ukuze babulale izinkomo, bacibishela umcibisholo lapho becabanga ukuthi kubuhlungu kakhulu. Bese bephuza igazi layo bese begeza ngalo ngoba bebona ukuthi liyavuselela.

I-Maasai, enye yezizwe ezidume kakhulu e-Afrika

Leli dolobhana uzolijwayela ngoba like laba khona kwabezindaba ngenxa yamasiko alo kanye nempilo yalo yokungazumi. Ukwazile nokukubona kumamuvi afana amasai amhlophe. Udabuka eningizimu ye Kenya nasenyakatho ye Tanzania futhi kubandakanya, cishe, abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye sebebonke.

Ulimi lwakhe maa noma amasai, eyingxenye yeqembu lamaNilotic, elikhulunywa nezinye izizwe njengalezo ezihlala eSouth Sudan. Kodwa ziqondwa nangesiSwahili futhi abaningi bakhuluma ngisho nesiNgisi. Amadolobha abo abizwa enka futhi ubudolobha bayo buqukethe imibuthano yezindlu zotshani noma bomas ngezithango zemihlambi yabo. Ngoba, nakuba babengamaqhawe nezilwane ezidla ezinye ngaphambili, okwamanje bazinikele kubo ezolimo nokufuywa kwezinkomo, izimvu nezimbuzi.

Ngokuqondene nezinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo, idolobhana ngalinye linakho umprofethi o laibon, enesibopho sokuhumusha izifiso zobunkulunkulu, ebizwa Ngayi. Luwuhlobo lukankulunkulu wemvula, olucelelwa izitshalo. Eqinisweni, utshani nabo bubhekwa njengento engcwele yilaba bantu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaMaasai adlula emkhosini wokudlulela ekubeni abantu abadala. Kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa futhi ngakho umfana uba Moran o iqhawe. Mayelana nokubukeka kwabesilisa nabesifazane, uzohlabeka ngokuthi bagqoka izinto ezinkulu njengamacici, kuhlanganise nezimpondo zezilwane. Nokho, leli dolobha seliphenduke laba ngelasentshonalanga impela. Futhi manje akumangalisi ukuthi bathola izivakashi ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala. Kulaba basuke bedansa ukuze bathole imali baze babadayisele nemisebenzi yabo yezandla.

I-Tuareg, imihambima yaseSahara

Safika ohambweni lwethu lwezizwe zase-Afrika saya kwesinye esidume kakhulu nesidumile. Sikhuluma ngabantu baseTuareg, ababizwa nangokuthi "idolobha eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka laseSahara" ezembatho zakhe. Eqinisweni, iyisizwe esiyimizulane esihamba ngamaqembu amakhulu kulolugwadule siphelezelwa izilwane ezisebenza njengokudla.

Kungumuzana IsiBerber waseNyakatho Afrika ozinikele, ngaphezu kwakho konke, uku ezentengiselwano, nakuba bengamaqhawe ezinganekwane. Ngokuyinhloko kusekelwe I-Niger, lapho inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili nengxenye, kodwa futhi inemiphakathi ebalulekile I-Algeria, Libya, Mali y Burkina Faso.

Ngokuqondene nenkolo yakhe, nguye islam, nakuba ingeyona inkolo yobuorthodox, kodwa ixubene nezinkolelo ze-animist. Futhi ulimi lwakhe Tamashek, enesimiso sayo sokubhala: the tifinagh. Kuyizinhlamvu zongwaqa ezisuselwa ku-Libyan-Berber, umsuka wayo usukela ekhulwini lesithathu BC. Well kuyiqiniso ukuthi tifinagh i-classic yalahleka futhi yaphinda yadalwa ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isisekelo somphakathi weTuareg yi uzalo (ushizi) noma iqembu lezihlobo ezinedlozi elilodwa. Ngokulandelayo, ngayinye yalezi ingeyesigaba senhlalo kanye ne-a i-tribu o ethibel. Ngokunjalo, uhlu ngalunye luqoka owesilisa njengommeleli emkhandlwini wesizwe. Futhi ukhetha umholi noma i-amenokal. Kodwa-ke, abantu baseTuareg banezikhundla. Ngalokhu, sifuna ukukutshela ukuthi kukhona izinhlanga nezinduna. Ngaphambili babenezigqila.

Ngaphambi kokuthi sikutshele ukuthi amaTuareg amaqhawe. Eqinisweni, ukuhlubuka kwakhe kuyinganekwane futhi kuye kwabangela izingoma eziningi ezisankondlo. Futhi nasekuxabaneni okuhlukene nalabo abazama ukubanqoba. Ukuvukela kwakhe amakoloni aseFrance ngo-1916, okwathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa futhi kwaholwa Mohammed Kahocen. Kodwa baphinde bangenelela ezingxabanweni zakamuva esifundeni sase Sahel.

AmaBushmen, ngaphezu kwesizwe sase-Afrika

Siphetha uhambo lwethu lokuvakashela abantu base-Afrika ngokukutshela ngamaBushmen, okuyizizwe ezimbalwa ezifakwe eqenjini lama-Bushmen. khoisan. Ngokwezilinganiso ezithembeke kakhulu, kukhona isamba sabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanhlanu abasabalele Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, IsiZulu y IRiphabhulikhi yaseSudafrica.

Eqinisweni, igama layo livela Afrikaans, ulimi lwendabuko yaseJalimane olulethwe kulezi zifunda ngabaseYurophu, futhi lisho "umuntu wehlathi". Kodwa-ke, abakhulumi lolo limi, kodwa kunalokho iqoqo lezilimi eziqoqwe kuzo kxo. Isici salo esiyinhloko ukusetshenziswa kwe ukuchofoza yokuxhumana. Eqinisweni, kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa amagama abo aqala ngawo futhi kukhona i-palatal, alveolar, bilabial noma yamazinyo.

Ikakhulukazi, bazinikele caza nokuvuna izithelo. Ngokungafani nezinye izizwe e-Afrika, cishe i-matriarchal. Owesifazane ubaluleke kakhulu emphakathini futhi aze abe ngumholi weqembu lomndeni wakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bantu babhekwa njengabahlobene nabantu bokuqala abakhe emhlabeni.

Nokho, abakwaBushmen baye bashintsha indlela yabo yokuphila njengoba izizwe zezwekazi ziye zabanqoba. Eqinisweni, sekungamashumi eminyaka bephikisana noHulumeni we Botswana, njengoba efuna ukubaxosha endaweni yakhe eyinhloko, i Isiqiwi SaseCentral Kalahari. Ngenxa yalokho, manje sebezinikele kakhulu kukho amadlelo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaBushmen athanda kakhulu umculo nomdanso. Insimbi yakhe eyinhloko iwuhlobo lomnsalo obanjwa emlonyeni wakhe futhi uzwakala njengebhodi lokukhala. Futhi, phakathi kwemidanso yayo, indlulamithi noma umdanso wokuphulukisa ugqama. kia. Lesi sakamuva siyingxenye yemikhuba yabo yenkolo. Onkulunkulu babo bahlobene nokuthola ukudla. Kukhona a umoya ophakeme nezinye ezincane ezithonya kokubili lokhu kanye nokubukeka kwezifo.

Sengiphetha, sikubonise okunye okuyinhloko izizwe zase-Afrika. Kodwa-ke, singakutshela mayelana nabanye abafana ne- I-Sudan Dinka, the hamer kusuka ethiopia, the eNamibia noma odumile AbaThwa baseCongo. Awucabangi yini ukuthi izwekazi lase-Afrika nalo licebe kakhulu ngokombono we-anthropological?