U-Saint Michael of Climbing

ISan Miguel de Escalada ingenye yezinto eziyinhloko izikhumbuzo zangaphambi kwama-romanesque wesifundazwe se León. Kwakuyisigodlo sezindela esangcweliswa ngo-913 ukuhlalisa izindela kusuka Córdoba, kepha okwamanje kuphela isonto nokunye ukuncika.

Itholakala kumasipala we- Abafundi bebanga, cishe amakhilomitha angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa ukusuka enhlokodolobha yaseLeón nase- Umgwaqo kaSantiago. Isigodlo sasakhiwe esontweni elidala laseVisigoth elingcwelisiwe, ngokusobala, eSan Miguel. Uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngaleli tshe eliyigugu le-pre-Romanesque, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda.

Umlando weSan Miguel de Escalada

Ngonyaka ka-912, iqembu lezindela elaliholwa u-Abbot Alfonso lafika kule ndawo yaseLeón. Bazimisele ukuhlala lapho, bakha ngonyaka owodwa kuphela isigodlo sezindela, okwase kungu-913, esingcweliswa ngumbhishobhi USaint Genadius wase-Astorga.

Ngokwakhiwa kwayo, basebenzise izinto zokwakha zakudala zamaVisigothic ebesikhuluma ngazo. Lokhu kusabonakala kolunye lwezindonga zalo, lapho ungabona khona umbhalo ovela ethempelini lokuqala. Ngokwengxenye yalo, isigodlo sezindela sasiphila esikhathini saso esihle kakhulu ngekhulu le-XNUMX, lapho kwafakwa khona ezinye izinto ezintsha zokwakha.

Kakade ku-XIX, ngokudliwa komhlaba okubangelwe yi- Mendizabal yendawo yesonto, iSan Miguel de la Escalada yashiywa. Kodwa-ke, ibuyiselwe kaningana futhi, ekuqaleni kuka-1886, yamenyezelwa Isikhumbuzo Sikazwelonke.

Izici zeSan Miguel de Escalada

Njengoba sishilo, lokhu kwakhiwa kuphendula izici ze- ubuciko bangaphambi kobu-romanesque. Lokho kungukuthi, ngokufanayo abakwethulayo USanta Maria del Naranco o USanta Michael waseLillo e-Oviedo. Ngokubanzi, ihlanganisa izinto ze-Visigoth nezinye izinto zeMozarabic.

Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bamanje bakhetha ukuyibiza ukuqala kabusha ubuciko. Isizathu, njengoba kungenzeka waqagela, ukuthi sakhiwa ngamaKrestu ayezinza emazweni aseCastile ashiywa amaSulumane ukuwahlalisa kabusha. Kepha, njengoba lezi zindawo zemingcele zihlala zishayela oxhumana nabo, lesi sitayela sinamandla futhi isici se-mozarabic, okungukuthi, ngenxa yamaKrestu ngokulinganayo kodwa ezavela endaweni ka-Al-Aldalus.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba sishilo futhi, isakhiwo saseSan Miguel sathola izandiso eziningana ngezikhathi ezithile ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwaso. Phakathi kwalabo abalondoloziwe, i- umbhoshongo omkhulu wamaRoma kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX elibusa ingxenye eseningizimu yenkimbinkimbi.

Isonto

Kepha, phakathi kwezingxenye zokwakhiwa ezigcinwe namuhla, isonto liyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngabe isitshalo se-basilica futhi ihlukaniswe ngama-naves amathathu, wona-ke, ahlukaniswe ngamakhothamo wendabuko Imengamo yamahhashi AmaSulumane. Ngokunjalo, phakathi kwama-naves nenhloko yethempeli kunesikhala esichazayo esisebenza njenge ngquza nokuthi kwakuhloselwe abefundisi emikhosini.

Ngokwengxenye yayo, unhlokweni une amaqhubu amathathu angamacala ayisiyingi ngaphakathi, kodwa angunxande ngaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zimbozwe ama-gallon vaults kufana nalezo ongazibona kumasulumane amaningi ama-Arab.

Phakathi kwe-transept nekhanda kukhona i- phumlile eyakhiwe yizinsika ezimise isiphambano, enkolweni yamaSpanishi, eyayifihla umpristi kwabathembekile ngesikhathi Sokungcweliswa. Lokhu kwakuyisiko lomkhuba elaligcinwa enkambisweni yenhlonipho kuze kube yilapho eyaseRoma yamukelwa ngekhulu leshumi nanye. I-iconostasis bekuyinto yokwakha enikeze leyo mfihlo. Ngokuvamile, kwakuyisikrini esihlotshiswe ngezimpawu zenkolo ezazibekwa ngaphambi kwe-altare. Yaqala ukusetshenziswa kumathempeli aseByzantium, ukusuka lapho yadlulela eNtshonalanga.

Ngokuqondene nengaphandle, ithempeli alinayo i-portico esezingeni eliphakeme, into ejwayelekile e-Asturian pre-Romanesque. Amasango angena eceleni futhi engxenyeni yawo esentshonalanga. Ngokuqondile, ohlangothini lwaseningizimu lwesonto kukhona i- igalari enezingqimba ezinemengamo yamahhashi lokho kukuhlobisa konke. Le nto eyakhayo, kamuva njengoba yayakhiwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX, nayo iyafana namathempeli ase-Asturian futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izosetshenziswa kabanzi ku izakhiwo zobu romanesque.

Mayelana nokukhanyiswa kwesonto, futhi kulandela izici zamanye amathempeli obuKristu bokuqala. Ngakho-ke, kutholakala ngamawindi amancane odongeni olugelezayo lwenkaba enkulu kanye nama-apses. Ekugcineni, uphahla lusekelwa ngezigaba ezimbili futhi lunomthambeka onama-aves abanzi.

Umbhoshongo

Kwakuyinto yokugcina yokwakhiwa engezwa esakhiweni saseSan Miguel de Escalada, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Inezinqe ezijiyile futhi ekuqaleni yayinezitezi ezintathu. Ingaphakathi litholakala ngomnyango nge-arch eyindilinga ekuyisa kufayela le- ISahluko seSan Fructuoso, owaziwa nangokuthi yi-Pantheon of Abbots.

Kepha kugqamisa kakhulu i- iwindi le-arch kabili lehhashi. Ubukhona bawo bufuna ukwazi ngoba umbhoshongo ungowaseRoma. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lomnsalo lwalungasasetshenziswa. Uma lokhu kwenziwe, bekufanele kulingiswe lokho okutholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yethempeli.

Umhlobiso

Ekugcineni, ukuhlobisa kweSan Miguel de Escalada kuyinto icebe kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo. Siqukethe izihloko, friezes, lattices neminyango. Ngokuqondene nezisusa zabo, imifino iyachichima. Isibonelo, amaqoqo, amaqabunga nemithi yesundu. Kepha kukhona nokunye ukwakheka kwejiyomethrikhi njengokuluka noma ama-meshes nezilwane, njengezinyoni ezikhonkxa ezihlangwini zomvini.

I-codex yeSan Miguel de Escalada

Cishe ngonyaka we-922, i- u-abbot uVictor, esigodlweni sezindela saseLeonese esisikhathazayo, wayalela ukwenziwa kwe-codex eyayizokopisha i- 'Commentary on the Book of Revelation' UBeatus waseLiebana. Umphumela waba yilokho okuthiwa 'Ubusisiwe ngoSan Miguel de Escalada', kukhonjiswe kukhanyisi omkhulu UMagius. Kodwa-ke, le codex, ngokusobala, ayenzelwanga esigodlweni sezindela saseLeonese, kodwa yenziwa eSan Salvador de Tábara, esedolobheni iZamora elinegama elifanayo. Njengamanje, i-'Beato de San Miguel de Escalada 'igcinwe ku- Morgan Library kusuka eNew York.

Ungafika kanjani eSan Miguel de Escalada

Lesi sikhumbuzo sikhona, njengoba besisho, kumasipala waseLeonese wase Abafundi bebanga. Ukuphela kwendlela yokufika esikhumbuzweni kungumgwaqo. Unamabhasi avela enhlokodolobha yesifundazwe, kepha awavamile kakhulu. Iseluleko sethu ukuthi ungene eyakho imoto.

Ukuze ukwenze kusuka León, kufanele uthathe ifayela le- N-601 exhumanisa idolobha neValladolid. Ekuphakameni kweVillarente kufanele uthathe ifayela le- I-LE-213 okuzokuyisa kwaGradefes. Kepha, ngaphambi kokufika enhlokodolobha kamasipala, kufanele uthathe ukuchezuka kwesobunxele ememezela isigodlo.

Ekuphetheni, U-Saint Michael of Climbing Ingesinye sezakhiwo eziyinhloko zangaphambi kwamaRoma kulo lonke elaseCastile. Ngokuphathelene nabantu besikhathi sakhe sase-Asturian, ubuhle bakhe abuzukushiya ungenandaba. Qhubeka uyivakashele.