La Swiss Confederation, Switzerland, inyika iri muEurope yakaganhurwa neItaly, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein neFrance. Mabviro ayo anodzokera kumubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika weMiddle Ages wakaumbwa pakati pemakore ari pakati pe1300 ne1500.
geopolitically yakakamurwa kuita makatoni, nhasi 26, saka nhasi tichataura nezvavo: the maguta eSwitzerland.
Cantons yeSwitzerland
Sezvatakataura pamusoro kuumbwa kwazvino kweSwitzerland kunotangira kuMiddle Ages. Pakati pe1300 ne1300 iyo Old Swiss Confederation yaivepo, mukati meHumambo Hutsvene hweRoma.
Yakanga yaumbwa mukati mezana ramakore reXNUMX, munzvimbo yepakati penyika iripo, uye yaisanganisira Zürich naBern. Kubatana pakati pemadhorobha nemaruwa emipata yepakati penzvimbo yeAlps, yakabatanidzwa nezvido zvekutengeserana zvakajairika, yanga isiri iyo yakasimba, asi zvakadaro. akakwanisa kufarikanya chimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika uye chebumbiro remitemo chakafanana neicho chamaguta oumambo kana kuti vakuru venyika, akasununguka pachiremera chemadzishe omunzvimbomo, ari pasi pesimba rakananga raMambo Mutsvene weRoma.
Pakutanga pakanga pasina macanton masere hapana chimwe uye vakaita zvakanaka kwazvo kwezana ramakore. Kuburikidza neHondo yeBurgundi, pakati pe1474 na1477, kunetsana pakati pemubatanidzwa, vabatsiri vayo nemadzishe eBurgundy, simba rayo rakamiswa mukati menzvimbo yainyanya kutungamirwa neHabsburgs neFrance. Kukunda uku, asi kuwedzera mamwe makonti kusvika gumi nematatu uye kuzvizivisa kuti haina kwayakarerekera muHondo Yemakore makumi matatu, yakaita zvakawanda kusimbisa Switzerland yekare.
Kunyangwe yaive de facto yakazvimirira, Makanga muri muna 1648 bedzi apo iyo yakazvimiririra zviri pamutemo kubva kuHumambo Hutsvene hweRoma., pakupera kwehondo iyoyo refu uye kusaina Chibvumirano cheWestphalia. Iyo itsva vhezheni yeSwitzerland Federation akakamura macanton kuva echiKaturike neReformed, izvo zvakatungamirira kukurwisana kwakawanda kwomukati yakawedzera muzana remakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX. Pamusoro pemisiyano yechitendero, pakanga painewo mutsauko mukukura uye kugara zvakanaka kwehupfumi pakati pemacanton.
Senguva dzose: Maguta echiKaturike ainyanya kuzara mumaruwa uye akapoteredzwa nematunhu echiPurotesitendi, aifarira zvokutengeserana.. Maguta aiva nesimba zvikuru aiva Zürich uye Bern, vaPurotesitendi. Sezvo matambudziko akange asina kugadziriswa kwaiva nehondo dzomukati asi kugadzirisa zvese zvaisaita, nekuda kwezvido zvaipesana. aifanira kumirira 1848, mukati megadziriro yezvinonzi Revolutions ye'48, kuti iyo Swiss federal state yakazvarwa.
Asi zita rekuti Switzerland rinobva kupi? In musimboti, kubva Siwizarendi Chirungu, asi iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti mukati memakore iwayo ari kure mubatanidzwa waizviziva seEidgenossenschaft. Gare gare, nharaunda dzemubatanidzwa dzakatanga kuzivikanwa pamwe chete se Schweizerland kana Schwytzerland. Shoko rechiNgezi rokuti Switzerland rakatanga kutenderera pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Nokuda kwaro, shoko "kantoni" ine midzi yaro mu1848th century French, uye yaireva chimwe chinhu sekona kana kumucheto. Izwi rakatanga kuoneka kazhinji muzvinyorwa zveFrench, Italian neChirungu, uye muna XNUMX izwi rechiGerman kanton yakachengetwa zviri pamutemo.
Uye chii chiri mamiriro nhasi mumacantons eSwitzerland? Bumbiro remutemo rinoti kanton imwe neimwe ine changamire, asi uchangamire ihwohwo haugoni kudarika mutemo wehurumende. The Confederation inochengetedza simba remauto, mari, postal uye telecommunication service, kutama uye kutama, kodzero yehupoteri uye hukama hwepasirese, mutemo wehurumende nemhosva, uye tsika.
Imwe neimwe yemacanton ine bumbiro rayo, dare rayo, mapurisa, masimba uye masimba emitemo, kunyange zvazvo vose vachitevera hurongwa huzhinji. Ese masimba uye kugona izvo Confederation isingatauri ibasa revacanton. Saka, rimwe nerimwe rinobata nezvehutano hweveruzhinji, dzidzo nemitero, Semuyenzaniso. Pamusoro pezvo, imwe neimwe inogadzira mutauro wayo wepamutemo uye inogona kuvhara zvibvumirano nemamwe macanton uye zvakare nenyika dziri kunze kwemubatanidzwa.
Makoni atinonyatsoziva zvakanyanya ndiwo Zürich, Bern, Lucerne, Freiburg, Basel, St. Gallen, Ticino, Neuchâtel, Geneva neJura. Matanhatu emakatoni makumi maviri nematanhatu anoumba mubatanidzwa anozivikanwa se semi cantons, Basel kana Zürich maviri acho, semuenzaniso, nepo makumi maviri asara anozivikanwa semakatoni akazara.
Musiyano uyu unoshanda kucherekedza mubatanidzwa wenhoroondo weaya matanhatu semi-canton kune mumwe nemumwe, asi kubvira 1848 ese macantons akaenzana mune zvese, kunze kwekunge semi-canton vanosarudza nhengo imwe chete muKanzuru yeNyika, uye kana iri nyaya kuva nereferendamu yakakurumbira vhoti yavo inoverengera hafu yemamwe makatoni.
Tinopedzisira taziva izvozvo Mitauro mitatu inotaurwa muSwitzerland: French, German uye Italian.. Semuenzaniso, chiGerman chinotaurwa muBasel, Appensell, Aargau, St. Gallen kana Zurich. ChiFrench chiri pamutemo muBern, Freiburg, Geneva, Neuchâtel kana Valais uye Italian iri muTicino neGraubünden. Zvakajeka, mune mamwe macanton mune inopfuura mutauro mumwe wepamutemo, sezvakaita Bern, Freiburg kana Geneva apo anotaura chiGerman nechiFrench zvakaenzana.
Ndinokusiira rumwe ruzivo:
- lémanique region: chikamu cheSwitzerland chinotaurwa chiFrench pamwe neGerman. Kune Valais neGeneva, mahofisi makuru eUnited Nations uye Red Cross. Kune chikamu chayo, Valais ndeimwe yeakanakisa cantons, ine Matterhorn uye mamwe makomo marefu kwazvo, anopfuura 4 zviuru mamita kureba.
- kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweSwitzerland: Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt neAargau ndiwo makatoni matatu munzvimbo ino yenyika. Basel Ndiro guta guru retsika reSwitzerland, rine mamuseum anopfuura makumi mana uye guta rekare rinoyevedza. Iyo nharaunda inozara mune medieval castles uye zvisikwa, yakanakira zviitiko zvekunze.
- Eastern Switzerland: Kune makatoni manomwe pano uye mazhinji ane makomo akawanda, akadai seGlaurus, Appenzell Ausserrhoden uye Appensell Innerhoden, Sankt Gallen uye Thurgau. Vese vane chiGerman semutauro wavo wepamutemo, asi kantoni yeGraubünden inoziva mitauro mitatu yepamutemo: ChiGerman, chiItalian, uye Romanesque.
- Mitteland: he is here Berna, nemamiziyamu ayo makuru. Kune zvakare canton yeSolothurn, Jura, Friborg, Neuchâtel…
- nechepakati Switzerland:Apa ndipo pane Lucerne neguta rayo rekare rakanaka uye Mount Pilatus. kune zvakare canton Schwyz, Nidwalden, Uri, Zug neObwalden, madziva nemasango mazhinji.
- Ticino: Ndiro canton yekumaodzanyemba uye ndiyo yega mumubatanidzwa wese umo chiItalian chinotaurwa zviri pamutemo. Inonakidzwa nemamiriro ekunze eMedithera, inogara pamucheto weLake Maggiore uye inzvimbo chaiyo yenyika.