Kune zviyeuchidzo zvekare zvekare zvinotisiya tichishamisika uye zvinoita kuti tishamisike, kuti pasi pano vakazviita sei? Asi chokwadi ndechekuti vanhu vane hunyanzvi uye sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi, dhizaini uye kuvaka kweinoshamisa yemazuva ano mainjiniya anoshanda kufambira mberi: iyo Channel mugero, semuenzaniso.
The Channel Tunnel, kana Le tunnel sous La Manche kana kungoita TunnelIcho chiroto chakaitika uye nhasi tichazodzidza kuti vakakwanisa sei kuzvivaka, riini, rinoshanda sei uye kana uchifarira, kuti ungayambuka sei.
Chirungu Chiteshi
Inozivikanwa zvakare nezita rekuti Chirungu chiteshi uye hachisi chinhu asi a ruoko rweAtlantic Ocean iyo inotaurirana neNorth Sea, ichiparadzanisa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweFrance neGreat Britain.
Yakareba makiromita 560 uye hupamhi hunosiyana pakati pemakiromita 240 ne33.3, iri chaizvo Pas de Calais. Ine zvimwe zvitsuwa ayo nhasi ari pasi pemureza weChirungu uye anozivikanwa seChannel Islands.
Yakaumbwa riinhi? Zvinoita sekudaro yakaumbwa pakupera kweyekupedzisira Ice Age, anenge zviuru gumi zvemakore apfuura Panguva iyoyo zviwi zvinoumba Great Britain zvaive zvichiri zvakabatana neEurope asi pakanyunguduka pakava nedziva hombe uye pakamanikana pakaumbwa inova ndiyo ichiri pakati peCalais neDover. Gare gare, maitiro ekukukurwa akagadzira gwara uye mafungu anogara arikuwedzera.
Zviripachena kuti kupatsanurwa kubva kuEurope kwakapa maBritish Isles runyorwa rwayo uye kunyangwe zvave zvakavadzivirira kubva kunjodzi nekurwiswa ivo havana kusunungurwa zana. Zvakaringana kurangarira kuti vakapambwa nemaRoma uye gare gare nemaNorman, uye kuti, nekuda kwekufamba uye kubhururuka, kuzviparadzanisa kwakanganikwa.
Inofungidzirwa kuti ngarava mazana mashanu pazuva dzinoyambuka mugero sezvo iri yakakosha yekutengesa gungwa pakati peGreat Britain neEurope uye pakati peAtlantic neNorth Sea. Mushure memamwe matambudziko uye tsaona makore anopfuura makumi mana apfuura kwakasarudzwa kuti paizove nenzira mbiri: avo vanofamba kuchamhembe vaizoshandisa nzira yeFrance nevaya vaifamba kumaodzanyemba nzira yeChirungu. Uye nyaya yakabuda, kunyangwe ichiripo tsaona imwe kana mbiri dzinonyoreswa pagore.
Uye iyo Channel Tunnel yakavakwa riini? Yakanga iri nguvai Eurotunnel?
Iyo Eurotunnel
Pfungwa iyi yakatambudza misoro yehurumende dzeEurope kwenguva yakareba. Muchokwadi, Napoleon akatorota izvo, asi zviri pachena mainjiniya aigona kungoita kuti zviitike muzana ramakumi maviri. Zviri nezve mugero wechitima unoyambuka pasi pemvura uye yakavhurwa muna Chivabvu 6, 1994, yakakwenenzverwa nebasa rezvikepe iro kwemazana emakore raive kungoyambuka chete.
Makwikwi epasi rese ekuvaka akatangwa muna 1984 pasi pehutongi hweMitterrand muFrance naTatcher kuEngland. Pfungwa dzakasiyana dzakapihwa, tunnel, mabhiriji, mamwe aidhura kwazvo, mamwe ainetsa kupedzisa Pakupedzisira, chikumbiro chakagamuchirwa chaive chekambani yekuvaka Belfour Beatty.
Dhizaini yacho sei? Ndezve migero miviri yezvitima inoenderana inoenderana. Pakati pavo inomhanya mugero wechitatu unoshandiswa kugadzirisa. Wese munhu anofanirwa kugona kutyaira marori uye mota zvakare. Kufungidzira kwakaipa kwakaburitsa huwandu hwakazara hwemamirioni emadhora 3, saka mabhanga makumi mashanu akatora chikamu uye vamwe vashandi zviuru gumi nezvitatu vakapihwa basa.
Kutanga nekuchera matongo, iyo geology yeChirungu Channel yaifanirwa kuongororwa uye kana kudzika kwakatemwa basa rakatanga pamativi ese emukoto sezvo chinangwa chaive batana nepakati. Kushanda kudivi reFrance kwakatangira padyo nemusha weSangatte uye kudivi reChirungu kuShakespeare Cliff, padyo neDover. Ehezve, mabulldozers aive akakura uye pachawo aigona kuchera, kuunganidza marara, uye kuatakura achidzokera nawo mumugwagwa.
Zvisaririra zvakafukunurwa zvakaunzwa kumusoro mumotokari dzechitima kudivi reChirungu uye kudivi reFrance, zvakasanganiswa nemvura uye zvakasimudzwa nepombi. Aya akakosha ekuchera anonzi TBM. Sezvo kuchera kwacho kwaifambira mberi, mativi emugwagwa wacho akasimbiswa nekongiri kuitira kuti igone kumira kumanikidza uye kuti iite kuti isapinda mvura panguva imwe chete.
Asi mainjiniya vaigona sei kuve nechokwadi chekuti mana tunnel aya aigona kusangana pakati pemugero? Eya, ivo vaifanira kushandisa yakakosha michina, kusanganisira lasers, uye zvaive zvisiri nyore zvachose uye kwenguva yakareba vanga vasina chokwadi zvachose kuti zvinoshanda. Asi ivo vakazviita, uye musi waZvita 1, 1990, musangano mukuru wakaitika uye vashandi vaviri vane mazita akadhirowewa mu rotari vakwazisana.
Chero zvazvingaitika, pakanga pachine nzira refu yekuenda kuti iyo Eurotunnel ipedziswe, saka mabasa akaenderera seasina kana asi matatu tunnel aifanira kubatanidzwa. mumwe musangano wakaitwa musi waMay 22, 1991, uye wechitatu ukapedzisira munaJune 28 wegore rimwe chetero. Gare gare kwaizove nemakore ekuvakwa kwetemu, magetsi magetsi, anti-moto masystem, iyo yekufema system, zvichingodaro.
Kuvhurwa kwacho kwaive musi waZvita 10, 1993 pakaitwa bvunzo yekutanga uye ikatanga kushanda musi waMay 6, 1994, mushure memakore matanhatu emabasa nemadhora gumi nemashanu emadhora (zvinofungidzirwa kuti 15% inodhura kupfuura zvakaongororwa). Mazuva ano kune masevhisi maviri ezvitima, iyo Shuttle inotakura marori, midhudhudhu uye mota uye iyo Eurostar inotakura vanhu. Pamakiromita makumi mashanu-asinganzwisisike kureba, pane makumi matatu nemasere ari ma submarines.
Iyo Eurostar inotora maawa maviri nemaminetsi makumi maviri kuti ubatanidze Paris neLondon y awa nemaminetsi makumi mashanu nemanomwe ekubatanidza Brussels neLondon. Kana iwe ukafamba nemota yako unogona kugara mukati kana kufamba nechitima painoyambuka mugero.
Uye kupedzisa pano zvimwe chokwadi chekuda kuziva kuti iwe ungasaziva nezve iyo Channel Tunnel:
- Ndiwo mugero wechigumi nematatu wakareba kwazvo pasi rose uri kushandiswa uye une chikamu chakareba kwazvo pasi pemvura.
- yeAmerican Society yeVagadziri veInjiniya chimwe chezvishamiso zvinomwe zveNhasi Nyika.
- Vashandi gumi, vasere veChirungu, vakafa mukuvakwa kwayo.
- avhareji yekudzika kwetangi iri pasi pegungwa ndeye 50 metres uye yakadzika nzvimbo ndeye 75 metres.
- pazuva rimwe dzinenge mazana mana ezvitima dzinoyambuka dzakatakura avhareji ye400 zviuru zvevatakurwi.
- zvanga zva moto mitatu, muna 1996, 2006 na2012 izvo zvakamanikidza kuvharwa kwayo kwechinguvana. Yakanyanya kutyisa yaive yekutanga uye yakakanganisa mashandiro emwedzi mitanhatu.
- muna 2009 zvitima zvishanu zveEurostar zvakaputsika uye zvakadzora zviuru zviviri zvevatakuri kwemaawa gumi nematanhatu vasina magetsi, vasina mvura uye vasina chikafu.
- Zvitima zveShuttles zvakareba mamita mazana manomwe nemakumi manomwe nemashanu.
- mugero unofungidzirwa kuti unogara makore angangoita zana nemakumi matanhatu.
- kufamba muzhizha kunodhura, kunyanya pakupera kwevhiki. Zvinokurudzirwa kufamba pakati pevhiki mambakwedza kana pakati pehusiku. Padivi reChirungu, mitengo iri kutenderera £ 44 nemotokari kubva kuFolkestone kuenda kuCalais kana kubva ku £ 69 kubva kuLondon kuenda kuParis, Brussels, Lille.