Kutora mifananidzo kunokunakidza here? Haisi yeguta rakakura rekumadokero rakagadzirwa nemakambani emazuva ano ekuvaka. Haisi muEurope, haisi muAmerica. Iri munyika yeArab inonzi Yemeni, paArabia Peninsula.
Guta rinonzi Shibham uye chaizvo nekuda kwezvivakwa zvepamusoro ndezvekuti yakapinda mune runyorwa rwe Nhaka Yenyika gore rapera. Iri iguta rekare, rine mazana emakore ekuvapo, asi rinosiyaniswa kubva kune mamwe maguta ekuMiddle Aval nenzira chaiyo yekumira kwekuvakwa kwayo. Inotaridzika seguta remazuva ano asi rakavakwa muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Guta Rekare Rakakomberedzwa neShibam
Guta rino rinonziwo Shibam Hadramawt uye kunyangwe isu tichiti ndeye medieval muchokwadi mabviro acho akatokura nekuti kekutanga zita rayo parinowanikwa mune zvakanyorwa muzana ramakore rechitatu BC. Raive guta guru rehumambo hweHadramawt, iyo yaimbotora nzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kweArabia peninsula uye yaimbove inodzivirira yeBritish kudzamara hutongi hweAsia hwave pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Guta rekare riri kumadokero nzvimbo yepakati, padyo neRamlat al-Sab`tayn renje, mumupata. Gwenga rine nzvimbo inosvika makiromita zviuru makumi maviri nematanhatu emadhamu asina kurongeka anoyambuka nemugwagwa mukuru unobatanidza mamwe maguta muchikamu chino chenyika. Shibam guta inomuka kubva pamucheto wedombo uye iri munzvimbo yakakosha yenzira yemakaravhani ezvinonhuwira nezvinonhuwira zvaiyambuka bani reArabhu rekumaodzanyemba.
Ichokwadi ndechekuti UNESCO yakaratidza izvi gore rapfuura pakati payo World Heritage Sites nekuti ine chivakwa chakasarudzika zvechokwadi. Shure kwezvose, zvivakwa zvakavakwa nezvidhinha zvevhu uye hazvisi kuti kune imwechete kana maviri, asi kuti zvinoverengerwa nhasi dzinosvika makumi mapfumbamwe uye vane kureba pakati peshanu neshanu nyaya, uye paburiro rega rega pane kamuri imwe kana maviri. Hazvina kushata kuMiddle Ages Asia, handizvo here?
Asi nei vanhu vakavaka dzimba dzerudzi urwu kare kare? Vezvenhau vanodaro mhando iyi yezvivakwa yakashanda kudzivirira vagari kubva pakurwiswa kwevaBedouin, madzimambo erenje. Guta rakasimba, rakareba, rakaonda rinoratidzika kunge rakaoma kurwisa, kutora, uye kupamba pane rakavhurika uye rakafara. Kunyangwe nhasi izvi zviri zvehunhu hwazvo, zvinoita sekunge pane imwe nguva yaive nezvivakwa zvemamita makumi matatu pakureba.
Nekudaro, nechikonzero chakanaka inowanzo kuzivikanwa se "iro rakare guta remahwindo munyika" kana iyo "Manhattan of the desert". Runako rwekushamisa uye rwekuda kuziva kuti, kuchengetedzwa uye kudzivirirwa kubva kukukurwa kwevhu (rangarira zvidhinha zvematope nenzvimbo yazvo pakati perenje), inofanirwa kubatwa kumusoro nguva dzese nematope nyowani. Mazhinji matete saka rinogara riri basa.
Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX vatengesi vakauya kuguta kubva kuAsia uye vakaigadziridza uye kubvira ipapo yanga ichingowanda kumaodzanyemba kudivi kusvika voda kugadzira musha mutsva unonzi al-Sahil. Asi kusiiwa kweyekare mafashamu ekudzora anoshandiswa nevarimi uye kuwandisa kwetsika masisitimu ehutsanana, pakauya masisitimu emvura emazuva ano, akapedzisira aunza shanduko zhinji uye kwete ese aive akanaka.
Kunyange, asingasviki makore gumi apfuura ndaive nezvivakwa zvakawanda kupfuura izvozvi. Zvinoitika kuti muna 2008 mupata wakarohwa nemafashama uye zvimwe zvivakwa zvakazopunzika nekuda kwemvura. Uye gore gare gare Al Qaeda yakarwisa guta kuwedzera matambudziko. Asi kuvakwa kwayo kunoshamisa kwasvika muzana ramakumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemashiripiti ayo ese: iratidziro yemakorokoza ane zvivakwa, migwagwa uye mativi.
Eheka ane musikiti, yakare sezvo iri kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX kusvikira kune regumi, uye castle yakavakwa muzana ramakore regumi nematatu, kunyangwe zvichizivikanwa kuti nzvimbo iyi yaigarwa pasati pasvika chiIslam. Kunyangwe iro guta risiri iro zvaraive, iyo nzvimbo inoramba yakada kufanana nemazana emakore apfuura: guta rezvivakwa zvakareba kwazvo kumucheto kwerenje, yakakomberedzwa nenyika yakatsaurirwa kurima. Sisitimu yezvehupfumi yakatsungirira nekufamba kwenguva uye inosanganisira kuenderera kugadzirwa kwezvidhinha, tsika dzekare isina zvisaririra zvinosara mune mamwe matunhu enharaunda.
Chii maitiro akaverengerwa neUNESCO kukudza guta rekare reShibham seNzvimbo Yenhaka Yenyika? Eya, maguta akavakirirwa mazhinji asi Shibam aripo rimwe chete: ndiyo yakanakisa uye yechinyakare muenzaniso wekurongwa kwemaguta ekugara uye yakavakirwa pane yakawanda-nhurikidzwa yekuvaka. Inomiririra muenzaniso wakabudirira kwazvo weHadrami dhizaini yemadhorobha uye inobuda mubani iro rinowanzo mafashama, saka idambudziko chairo.
Inowanikwa pakati pemakomo maviri uye anenge ari kure nemamwe magutaZvinoshamisa uye zvinoshamisa nzira iyo vanhu ava yavakachengetedza nayo tsika uye akajaira kune nyika isiri yenguva dzose mutsa. Izvo zvivakwa zveShibam hazvina kusvibisa ivhu uye kunakidzwa kwekuvakwa kwavo uye kugadzirisa kwaramba kuri kuratidza kwehondo pakati pemhuri dzine simba dzedunhu iri munguva yakaoma yenhoroondo yemuno, kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX kusvika kumaXNUMX, apo hupfumi hwekutengesa hwakava simba rezvematongerwo enyika.
Zvakanakisa pane zvese izvozvo kusarudzwa kweUNESCO uku kwakachengetedza kuchengetedza kwayo. Yakanga yatochengetedzwa nemitemo mishoma yeYemeni asi ikozvino kune hurongwa hwekuchengetedzwa kwemadhorobha iyo, kana ichibvumidzwa mumwedzi iyi, inofanirwa kuchengetedza mari kuti igare kwemamwe mazana emakore. Icho chokwadi chekuti i World Heritage Site inomanikidza Yemen kuisa mabhatiri.
Kana iwe uchinetseka kuti kune vashanyi vari kuuya kuShibam Mhinduro ndeyekuti: vanofamba nemumigwagwa yayo, vanogara pamadekwana uye vanotora mazana emifananidzo uye kana vachikwanisa kupinda muzvivakwa. Iko hakuna zviuru, asi kune vanhu vanokurudzirwa kuenda kuYemen. Inonyanya kufarira, zvakasikwa.