Kune nzira dzekugadzira dzakavakirwa nyika nevanhu uye dzinozivikanwa pasi rese. Imwe yacho ndeye Suez Canal. Muchinyorwa chanhasi ticha tarisa pane wechipiri, iyo african chiteshi izvo zvakachinja nhoroondo yekutengesa yenharaunda nepasi rose.
Iyo Suez Canal inobatana neGungwa reMediterranean neGungwa Dzvuku uye inowanzoonekwa semuganhu pakati peAsia ne Africa. Iyo nyaya yekuti yakafungidzirwa nekuvakwa sei haina gakava uye gakava rezvematongerwo enyika, asi huchenjeri hwevanhu hwakaguma nekubudirira.
Iyo Suez Canal
Iyi canal yekugadzira, mugero pagungwa, yakavakwa pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX kuvhura nzira yakananga pakati peNorth Atlantic uye Indian Ocean kuburikidza neMediterranean uye neGungwa Dzvuku, ichidzivirira kutenderera Atlantic uye chikamu chekumaodzanyemba kweIndian Ocean, zvichideredza nguva yekufamba nezviuru zvemakiromita.
The chiteshi Inotangira kuPort Said uye inoperera kuPort Tewfik muguta reSuez. Famba zvishoma kupfuura 193 zviuru zvemakiromita uye ine migero inopinda kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba. Iyo yekutanga dhizaini yaive neiyo imwe nzira yemvura, isina magedhi, iine mvura yegungwa uye nzira dzekufamba paBallah uye kuGreat Bittler Lake.
Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX umambo hukuru hweEurope hwakanga huine simba muAfrica, saka UK neFrance ndivo vaive varidziVakanga vari kwemakore mazhinji, kudzamara Hondo yechipiri yapera, mukugadzirisa hutongi hwehutongi, mutungamiriri weEjipitori panguva iyoyo, Nasser, akafunga kumuita nyika. Zviripachena, aisakwanisa kuzviita pasina kupokana, asi zvakazopedzwa.
Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, uye nekusainwa kwechibvumirano, zvakatemwa kuti mugero waizogara uchishandiswa, munguva dzerunyararo nehondo, nechero ngarava yerudzi rupi zvarwo, pasina mutsauko wemureza. Kana iwe ukaona mepu ye Africa, iwe unonzwisisa zvechokwadi kukosha kwechiteshi kukakavara munzvimbo.
Makore mashoma apfuura, Muna 2014, Egypt yakatanga basa rekuwedzera iyo Ballah Pass mumakiromita makumi matatu nemashanu kuita kuti kutenderera kukurumidze uye pamwe kutopeta zvakapetwa nekwanisi yemukoto muhuwandu hwengarava dzinogona kupfuura pazuva. Izvo zvakawanikwa uye mabasa akavhurwa gore rakatevera. Chii chimwe, Muna 2016, mutsva wedivi chiteshi yakavhurwa.
Asi inguva yekutanga kuti vanhu vavake zvakafanana? Kwete. Zvinoita sekunge ivo vekare maIjipita yaive chinangwa chekurerutsa kufamba kubva kuRwizi Nile kuenda kuGungwa Dzvuku. Saka, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vakavaka mugero mudiki, pamwe munguva yaRamses II uye gare gare naDhariusi, mambo wePezhiya.
VaOttomans vakafungawo nezvazvo, kumashure muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, vachitoda kubatanidza Mediterranean neGungwa Dzvuku, nechishuwo chekubatanidza Constantinople nemigwagwa yekutengeserana neyekushanya.
Zvisinei, yaidhura kwazvo, saka hapana zvakawanda zvakabuda mumapepa. Panguva yemushandirapamwe weFrance muEjipitori kusvika Napoleon Aifarira zvisaririra zvegwara rekare uyezve vaFrance vanyori vemifananidzo uye vanochera matongo vakadzungaira nenyika. Kuva mambo airatidza kufarira kuvaka mugero Asi kuvakwa kwemasuwo kwakaita kuti mabasa adhure uye zvakare akatora nguva yakareba, saka pakupedzisira pfungwa yakasiiwa.
Ehe saizvozvo, iyo pfungwa yakauya ikapfuura kubva mundangariro dzevanhu vazhinji kuburikidza nenguva kusvika yawanikwa. Pakupedzisira, zvinhu zvakazoita zvakakomba uye zvakatemwa kuti zvivakwe. Ndizvo yakapihwa mari neSuez Canal Company, mubatanidzwa wemakambani akati wandei anogara muParis. Pakutanga, 52% yemasheya aive mumaoko eFrance uye 44% iri mumaoko eEgypt, asi gare gare nyika ino yakatengesa kuUnited Kingdom.
The chiteshi yakavakwa paSuez Isthmus, zambuko repasi pakati pe Africa neAsia iro mune zvejogiki mazwi achangobva kuitika. Zvinozivikanwa kuti pamberi pemakondinendi ese ari maviri mashoma uye kuti pakati pemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu mamirioni emakore apfuura chikanganiso chikuru chakavaparadzanisa. Haisi yunifomu yunifomu, ine mafirosi matatu akazadzwa nemvura ayo ari Gungwa Manzala, the gungwa timsah and the Makungwa Anorwadza.
Iyo ismmus inoumbwa nezvidimbu zvegungwa, jecha uye mavhu akaiswa munguva dzemvura zhinji kana yakasvikwa neNairi kana kuunzwa nejecha rinobhururuka rerenje. Pano kuvakwa kweiyo canal kwakasarudzwa, mabasa akaitika pakati pa1859 na1869. Makore gumi ekuchera ne vashandi vaishanda nechisimba, vazhinji vacho vakapedzisira vafa.
Yakanga isiri chirongwa icho pakutanga chakasimudza tariro zhinji uye izvo zvakaomesa kutengeswa kwemasheya. Asi takabatana nemhuri yeRothchild, vane mabhangi vane mukurumbira, masheya angangoita muFrance akapedzisira atengesa semakeke anopisa. Zvichakadaro, iyo UK yaive yekukahadzika uye yakatsoropodza kushandiswa kwevashandisi vevaranda.
Pakupedzisira, iyo Suez Canal yakavhurwa munaNovember 1869 nemhemberero muPort Said iyo yaisanganisira mafayawekisi, mabiko uye vanokudzwa. Sezvazviri kutarisirwa Mumazuva ekutanga chiteshi chaive nematambudziko ehunyanzvi uye emari sezvo mitengo yakanga yakwira zvishoma. Zvakare, traffic chete yakanyatso kutanga kukura makore maviri gare gare saka kutenderedza nguva iyoyo kusava nechokwadi kwakaenderera.
Asi pamusoro pematambudziko ese uye fungidziro chokwadi ndechekuti iyo Suez Canal yaive yakakosha zvakanyanya mukubatana pakati penyika. Panguva iyoyo, mugero uyu waive nzira imwe chete yakadzika mamita gumi nemasere uye makumi maviri nemaviri pakadzika pazasi uye pakati pemamita 8 ne22 pakufara pamusoro. Mapasuru mabheji akavakwa makiromita masere kusvika gumi ega ega kubvumidza kupfuura kwengarava kubva kudivi rega.
Akanga ari mudiki zvakanyanya nekukurumidza saka kutenderedza 1876 vakatanga mabasa matsva kuti riwedzere uye ridzike. Pakazosvika makumi matanhatu ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, mugero uyu waive nehupamhi hwehupamhi hwemamita makumi mashanu nemashanu pazasi nemamita gumi pamabhangi uye nekudzika kwemamita gumi nemaviri pazasi pemvura. Zvakare nzvimbo dzekupfuura dzakawedzeredzwa uye dzimwe dzakavakwa mumadhamu, nekongiri nesimbi zvivakwa zvekudzivirira kukosora.
Gare gare zvirongwa zvakaomeswa neya1967 yeArabhu neIsrael hondo, mazuva umo mugero wakavharwa kunyangwe chibvumirano chakasainwa kare kare. Iyo Suez Canal yakaramba isingashande kusvika 1975 uye sezvatakambotaura, muna 2015 Egypt yakapedza zvasara zvitsva kuti iwedzere simba rayo: 29 makiromita akareba kupfuura ayo ekutanga 164.
Kupedza ndinokusiira rumwe ruzivo:
- Muna 1870, ngarava 486 dzakapfuura, asingasviki maviri pazuva.
- Muna 1966, avhareji yengarava 21.250 58 dzakapfuura, dzinenge XNUMX pazuva.
- Muna 2018, ngarava 18.174 XNUMX dzakapfuura.
- Iyo yekutanga chiteshi yanga isiri nzira mbiri-nzira saka ngarava dzaifanira kumira nekuenda, kuenda, nekumira. Ivo vakabva vatora anenge maawa makumi mana kuti vapfuure, asi pakasvika 40 nguva iyoyo yakanga yaderedzwa kusvika kumaawa gumi nematatu. Pakazopera ma1939 ma convoys akaitwa uye muma13s nguva yaive pakati pemaawa gumi nerimwe negumi nematanhatu,
- Hunhu hwekutakura zvinhu hwachinja zvakanyanya uye kunyanya muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX mafuta uye asina kuchena ndivo mambo. Marasha, simbi, huni, mbeu nezviyo, simende, mafetiraiza akawedzerwa.
- Kunyangwe ngarava dzevafambi dzakagara dzichipfuura kubva kuma40, huwandu hwacho hwakanyanya kushoma nekuda kwemakwikwi kubva mundiza.
- Nhasi unogona kuita nzendo kubva kuCairo kana Port Said, ne cruise.