Ndiyithanda kakhulu imbali kwaye nangona ndiyithanda i-Egypt, ndinomdla ngakumbi kwimpucuko ye-Middle East yakudala, ama-Asiriya phakathi kwabo.
Impucuko yaseAsiriya yazalwa yaza yaphuhliswa phakathi embindini weBronze Age kunye nokuphela kwexesha le-Iron Age, kwintlambo yomlambo iTigrisi, iFertile Crescent eyaziwayo. Kuncinci okuseleyo kubugcisa bayo, kodwa ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje basindile kubuhle iziqabu ezisivumela ukuba siyazi le dolophu yodumo.
Ama-Asiriya
Ukwenza ufundo lwembali lweBhayibhile Ama-Asiriya acingelwa ukuba avela kumnye wabazukulwana bakaNowa, uAssur. Ngoku, xa umntu esazi ukuba ibali likaNowa lineminyaka engamawaka ubudala kwaye kukho elinye ibali elifanayo elibonisa i-Utnapishtin ethile ... izinto ziyatshintsha kwaye ezo ziqendu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngexesha zimnyama ngokungummangaliso.
Kukwathiwa ikomkhulu lase-Asiriya phantse kubukho baba bantu, Isixeko sase-Assur, sathiywa ngegama lesithixo malunga ne-Millennium yesithathu ye-BC. I-Assur, iAsiriya, ethi yona inguqulelo yeBhayibhile kamva ibe inento yokwenza nokukhula kobuKristu kuloo ndawo.
Inyani yile yokuba ama-Asiriya ayengamaSemite awayeqala ukuthetha isiAcadian kude kube kamva kwamkelwa ulwimi olulula lwesiAram. Izazi ngembali ziyathetha Amaxesha amathathu amakhulu eAsiriya: Ubukumkani obudala, uBukhosi kunye noRhulumente waseLate, nangona kukho umahluko ngokubhekisele kolwahlulo.
Into abavumelana ngayo kukuba Ubukhosi baseAsiriya babungabona bobunye bobukhosi obukhulu eMesopotamiya ngenqanaba lophuhliso eliboniswe ngokokwandiswa kukaRhulumente nangokomkhosi. Kuthekani ngobugcisa baseAsiriya?
Ubugcisa baseAsiriya
Xa idolophu ikhula, ubugcisa yenye yeentetho zophuhliso. Kwimeko yobugcisa baseAsiriya siyazi ukuba kuye kwenzeka ntoni kumabhodlo ezixeko ezahlukeneyo zakudala eMesopotamiya.
Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumene iintsalela zeetempile, amabhotwe kunye nezixeko kwaye ke oko kwaziwa ukuba Ubugcisa baseAsiriya bubonisa ukukhula okupheleleyo kokhokho wayo, ubugcisa baseSumeriya. Ingxaki ngokwakhiwa kule nxalenye yehlabathi kukuba basebenzise i-adobe eninzi kuba amatye kunye neenkuni zizinto ezinqabileyo, ke ukusinda kwabo ekuhambeni kwexesha kubi kakhulu.
Ithamsanqa lelo eminye imizobo yaseAsiriya yenziwe ngamatye ke abo bangene kwizandla zale mihla. Kuyilo loyilo ngokubanzi basebenzise i-adobe kunye namatye esiseko kodwa iindonga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zazisetyenziselwa ukuhonjiswa ngamacwecwe amatye anemizobo kunye nemizobo Bathetha ngobukhosi kunye noloyiso lwabo.
Ilitye elivela kuloo ndawo liwalungele la macwecwe kodwa alilunganga ekwenzeni imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ngenxa yoko kukho imizekelo embalwa yobunye obu bugcisa, kodwa ama-Asiriya afunde ukusika ilitye libe ngamatye abhityileyo kungoko i-bas-reliefs kwi-limestone okanye i-alabaster, ilitye elimhlophe eligcwele kwiTigris), zezona sizibona kakhulu.
Imifanekiso ekroliweyo yaseAsiriya
Ezona zininzi zizinto ezincedisayo kunye ezingaphandle zinemixholo engeyonyaniso, Oko kukuthi, abananto yakwenza nenkolo yaseAsiriya. Bamele uloyiso lomkhosi, imiboniso yasendle, izilwanyana, ubomi basemkhosini, njalo njalo.
Ukuba uya eLondon uza kubona enye yezona zinto zilungileyo zeAsiriya. UMyuziyam waseBritane unengqokelela etyebileyo yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseAsiriya kwaye phakathi kwazo kuphume into eyeyesibini yeengonyama, eyindoda nemazi, isifa. Kwafunyanwa kumabhodlo eBhotwe laseNineve kwaye yayiyinxalenye yesigcawu esikhulu. Kukholelwa ukuba yenziwa malunga ne-668 BC phantsi kolawulo lwe-Assurbanipal.
Enyanisweni, Amanxuwa aseNineve abe yinkwali entle yaseAsiriya kwaye kwimyuziyam efanayo kukho olunye uncedo olubiziweyo Umoya okhuselayo Ivela kwibhotwe le-Assurbanipal II, yoBukhosi beLate, kwaye kukholelwa ukuba ihombise amagumbi abucala omlawuli: indoda enamaphiko ikholelwa ukuba yi-apkallu, isidalwa esingaphaya kwendalo esichazwe kwimibhalo ye-cuneiform, sinxibe isigcina-ntloko, isuti ende, iindevu, iindevu kunye neenwele ezinde.
Ngelixa ukukhululeka kwangaphandle kubugcisa obungahlambulukanga Iziqholo ezihombisa iindonga zangaphakathi zamabhotwe ubukhulu becala zimele ubomi ngaphakathi, kumnandi ngakumbi. Kwelinye ibhotwe, elase Khorsabad, umzekelo, ngaphezulu kwamawaka amabini eemitha ze-bas-reliefs ezinamadoda, amahashe kunye neentlanzi zifunyenwe ngendlela ekrwada, ngaphandle kobuhle obungaka.
Kufuneka kuthiwe la umbono wembono awukho kubugcisa baseAsiriya okwangoku kwaye ubungakanani bamanani bunokwahluka apho igcisa linomdla wokubeka isandi. IMyuziyam yaseBritane inezona ndawo zingcono zeAsiriya, ngokunjalo Ukurhangqwa nokuthinjwa kweLakishe yenye into ekufuneka uyibonile.
Iphaneli yafunyanwa kwiNdlu yaseSanheribhe, eNineve, emantla kwento eyi-Iraq ngoku, kwaye yeyolawulo lweLate Empire. Kuyinto entle iqhekeza lealabhasta Ye-182 x 880 cm.
Inxalenye yomhombiso wangaphakathi webhotwe likaKumkani uSenaribhe owayelawula phakathi konyaka wama-704 nowama-681 BC kwaye imele indlela amajoni ase-Asiriya ahlasela ngayo iLakishe ephethe itrone, iinqwelo zokulwa nezinye izinto zokumkani ngaphakathi esixekweni.
Eli xesha lembali yase-Asiriya linomdla kakhulu njengoko lalinjalo Ngexesha lenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX ookumkani baseAsiriya boyisa iPersian Gulf kunye nemida yase-Egypt. Bakha ngelo xesha ezona zakhiwo zibalulekileyo, njengebhotwe lale kumkani, eNineve, kwaye kunamabhodlo esi sixeko apho uninzi lobuncwane bamaNgesi buza khona.
Hlala ukhumbula ukuba le mizobo yaseAsiriya ekuqaleni yayipeyintwe ngemibala, bambalwa kakhulu abasindileyo kwaye bavumela abanye ukuba baqashele, kodwa kananjalo uyilo olusetyenziselwa ukufana neziqhulo zale mihla: ukuqala, phakathi kunye nokuphela kulo lonke udonga.
Zazenziwe ngamagcisa ngezixhobo zentsimbi nezobhedu. Abembi bezinto zakudala bacinga ukuba iziqabu zangaphandle zazikhuselwe ngepeyinti okanye ivanishi ethile kuba ilitye likhukuliseka lula yimvula nomoya. Kananjalo, bebengengabo bodwa nanjengokuhombisa zincediswa yimizobo kunye nezitena ezibengezelayo.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseAsiriya iyakholelwa bafikelele kwi-apogee yabo ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Assurbanipal II, Inkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC, kodwa isithethe sasigcinwa kuzo zonke izakhiwo zasebukhosini ezixekweni ezazalwa kamva.
Namhlanje singalixabisa ilifa lakhe kwiimyuziyam zehlabathi, iMyuziyam yase-Bhritane ngokukodwa, kodwa ngethemba lokuba ngenye imini singahamba ngoxolo siye kuMbindi Mpuma size sihambe kulo mhlaba mnye njengama-Asiriya, amaSumeri kunye nabanye abantu bamandulo ababalulekileyo. Ingamangalisa.