Iintolongo ezilahliweyo eSpeyin

Sinokufumana ezininzi iintolongo ezilahliweyo eSpeyin. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ukuphuculwa kweendawo zentolongo kwilizwe lethu kwenziwa ngokwakhiwa kweentolongo ezininzi zanamhlanje. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwezikhoyo zahlala zingenanto.

Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zazo zingaphambili kakhulu, ngakumbi Amaxesha aphakathi. Ngokunjalo, ezinye ziye zavulelwa imisebenzi emitsha. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, bonke namhlanje bayinxalenye yokhenketho lwentolongo olwaqala kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo Intolongo yaseAlcatraz de San Francisco (I-USA). Okulandelayo, siza kukubonisa ezona ntolongo zimangalisayo zilahliweyo eSpeyin.

Intolongo yasePedraza

Ibekwe kule dolophu kwiphondo lase Segovia, yeyezo ntolongo zamaxesha aphakathi ezihleli zimile. Kule meko, isakhiwo esasihlala kuyo sisikhumbuzo esihle esakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX njenge imboniselo eludongeni.

Enyanisweni, akunakuthiwa ishiywe, kodwa kunokuba ilahlekelwe ngumsebenzi wayo wentolongo. Kuba unokuya kuyo kwaye ufumanise ukuba ubomi babunzima kangakanani kumabanjwa. Abantu abaqhelekileyo babehlala ngokuxinana kwizisele ezibini ezizikwemitha ezisi-XNUMX kwisinye. Eyona nto yayimbi kakhulu yayiziimeko zabo babegwetywe ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Zaphoswa ngocango olunomgibe kumagumbi angaphantsi angacocekanga nangakumbi.

Ngokuphathelele ukuthintela, emini banokuhamba, kodwa xa ubusuku bufika, babanjwe kwiisitokisi kunye neentambo zokukhusela umgcini wejele, owayehlala apho. Ukuba uyayindwendwela, uya kuba nakho ukubona a imyuziyam encinci ebalisa yonke into esigqiba kukuxelela yona.

Intolongo yoMzekelo yaseBarcelona

De yavalwa kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, yayiyintolongo esebenzayo indala eCatalonia, ekubeni yayivuliwe ukususela ngo-1904. Ithatha iibhloko ezimbini ze-Ensanche yaseBarcelona, ​​phakathi kwezitrato zase-Entenza, eRosellón, eProvenza naseNicaragua. Abayili bezakhiwo ababephethe umsebenzi wokuyila babe Salvador Vinyals y Josep Domènech, ababephenjelelwe yimigaqo esekwe ngu UJeremy Bentham kwiintolongo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

Ngokutsho kwabo, ineplani yeradial ene-nave ezinkulu ezintandathu ezidibana kumzimba osembindini ogqunywe ngedome. Kule ndawo kwakukho iziko lokucupha (i ipanoptic ukuba uBentham ucebise). Ukongeza, intolongo yayinezakhiwo ezininzi ezihlonyelweyo ezinikezelwe kumakhitshi, iindawo zokugcina iimpahla, indawo yokunyamekela abagulayo kunye neminye imisebenzi, kunye neepatio kunye neegadi.

UZamora, enye yezona ntolongo zidumileyo kwintolongo yaseSpeyin

Ngoku sifika kwintolongo endala yaseZamora yaye siyakuxelela ukuba yenye yezona ntolongo zidumileyo phakathi kweentolongo ezilahliweyo eSpeyin ngenxa yokuba umboniso bhanyabhanya odumileyo owawongwa ngeeGoyas ezisibhozo wafotwa apho. Imalunga ne Iseli 211, yeluswa nguwe UDaniel Monzon kwaye itolikwe ngu ULuis Tosar, uAlberto Amman, uMarta Etura kunye noAntonio Resines, phakathi kwabanye abadlali. Njengoko uya kukhumbula, yabalisa, ngokuchanekileyo, uqhushululu olubi lwentolongo.

Yavalwa kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ananye eyadlulayo kwaye isendleleni Almaraz de Duero. Yahlala abanqolobi abayingozi abavela kwi-ETA kunye ne-GRPO, kodwa kunye nababingeleli abaninzi abagwetywe ngenxa yezizathu zomanyano kunye nezopolitiko. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho ababhali Xabier Amuriza y ULluis María Xirinacs. Eyokuqala kubo yi-versolari eyaziwayo (i-indinyana improviser) kunye nokuvuselela ulwimi lwesiBasque. Kwelakhe icala, owesibini wayesisithandi sobulumko esifanelekileyo owaba nguSenator kuTshintsho.

Inqaba yaseSan Cristobal

Kwabizwa kwakhona Inqaba yaseAlfonso XII, imi kwiNtaba iEzkaba okanye iSan Cristóbal, eyinika igama layo. Yekamasipala wase-Antsoain, kufutshane Pamplona. Ngokuchanekileyo, ngenxa yendawo yayo, ilawula ummandla wekomkhulu leNavarrese ukuya emantla nangaphezulu.

Yakhiwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ngexesha lolawulo lwe UAlfonso XII, njengoko kubonisiwe ngumbhalo onokuwubona kwiphepha layo lokufikelela. Umsebenzi wayo wokuqala wawunjengenqaba yokuzikhusela, ayizange iguqulwe ibe yintolongo de kwangowe-1934 kwaye yahlala injalo iminyaka esixhenxe kuphela.

Kakade ngo-1941 yayimiselwe isifo sephepha sanatorium. Esi yayisisifo esasibulala abantu ngelo xesha kwaye kwakukholelwa ukuba iindawo eziphezulu zazikhulula izigulana zokuphefumla nzima. Kungoko umsebenzi wayo omtsha. Kamva, waba nabanye. Enyanisweni, yayisetyenziswa njengendawo yokugcina izixhobo de kwangowe-1987, nangona yayigcinwe phantsi kweliso de kwangowe-1991 xa yathi yashiywa.

Umyili wayo wayeyikholoneli yeCorps of Engineers UMiguel Ortega, owayila inqaba eneembombo ezininzi yaye, ukuze yakhiwe, inxalenye yencopho yentaba kwafuneka iqhunyiswe. Ngale ndlela, imigangatho emininzi ihlala ngaphakathi kwentaba. Ngokufanayo, ijikelezwe ngumjelo kwaye ithatha indawo engaphezulu kwamakhulu amathandathu amawaka eemitha zekwere, apho ikhulu elinamashumi asibhozo lamawaka lakhiwe.

Okumangalisayo kukuba Zange isetyenziswe njengenqaba. Ukuvela kwezixhobo zale mihla ezifana neenkanunu zomgama omde okanye iinqwelomoya ziyenze yaphelelwa lixesha njengesakhiwo somkhosi.

Intolongo yaseBroto

Sibuyela ekupheleni kwamaXesha Aphakathi ukuze sikuxelele ngenye yezona ntolongo zinomdla ezilahliweyo eSpeyin. Ifumaneka kwidolophu encinci yaseHuesca Ndiyahluma kwaye yasebenza njengentolongo yamabanjwa aphuma kuyo yonke intlambo. Uya kuyifumana ecaleni kwebhulorho yeGothic phezu kwe Umlambo waseAra.

Enyanisweni, yakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwangaxeshanye nale ukuze ibe negalelo ekuyikhuseleni. Ngokufanayo, ecaleni kwayo uya kufumana Valley House, kulapho kwakuqhutywa khona okusesikweni kuwo wonke ummandla waseBroto.

Enyanisweni, yinqaba eneplani yomgangatho we-quadrangular kunye neendonga ezomeleleyo ezinemingxuma kunye nefestile. Inemigangatho emithathu kwaye ifikeleleka embindini, ukusuka kwiCasa del Valle ekhankanywe ngasentla. Lo ungasentla ufikeleleka ngezinyuko ezimxinwa. Kwelo icala, kwelo lisezantsi kukho amagumbi amabini acutheneyo awayesebenza njengezisele zabo babanjelwa amatyala anzima ngakumbi.

Ukuba undwendwela le nqaba uya kuchukumiseka imikrolo emininzi ezindongeni zayo ezazisenziwa ngamabanjwa afanayo phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX. Le yeminye yemiyalezo, kodwa, ngaphezu kwayo yonke, imizobo emele eyona mixholo yahlukeneyo. Kukho ezenkolo kunye nejometri, kodwa kukho ezininzi eziphinda zidale izilwanyana kunye nemithi. Imizobo ithathelwe inkqubo yokubuyisela ngenxa yayo ukubaluleka kwe-ethnographic. Banikezela ngolwazi oluninzi malunga noluntu lwasePyrenean lweenkulungwane ezidlulileyo.

Intolongo endala yaseAlcalá de Guadaira

Yaziwa ngeli gama kuba yayisebenza njengentolongo ukusuka ngo-1850 ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe kwinkulungwane edlulileyo. Kodwa sesinye sezakhiwo ezinembali eninzi kwidolophu yaseSevillian. Kukwakhiwa kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kude kube yi-XNUMX, isebenze njengesibhedlele segazi sabasetyhini. Kwaye olu lwazi lubaluleke kakhulu kuba lunjalo enye yezinto ezimbalwa eziseleyo kuzo kwiphondo laseSeville, apho kwakukho abangaphezu kwekhulu.

Kodwa amaxabiso esi sakhiwo awapheli apho, ebekwe kwisitalato iSánchez Perrier, ngasemva kwendawo entle. Icawa yaseSantiago El Sodolophu. Mhlawumbi yayakhiwe kusetyenziswa indala indlu ye-mudejar kunye nekhanvasi ye Udonga ekwinqaba entle yedolophu. Kuyo yonke le nto, abasemagunyeni e-Alcalá de Guadaira bacinga ngokugrumba ingaphakathi layo emva koko baqhubeke nokuvuselela.

Iintolongo eziye zasetyenziselwa eminye imisebenzi

Ukugqiba inqaku lethu malunga neentolongo ezilahliweyo eSpeyin, siza kuthetha nawe ngezinye iintolongo ezingasasebenziyo, kodwa ziqhubeka zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo omhle wale nto endala Intolongo yasePalencia, okwangoku Iziko lenkcubeko. Sisakhiwo esihle neomudejar ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX ebalaseleyo ngezitena zayo ezibomvu. Emva kokuba ibuyiselwe, igcina iThala leeNcwadi likaMasipala elinamagumbi okufundela amathathu kunye nelinye elilungiselelwe abantwana, kunye neholo enokuthwala abantu abalikhulu elinamashumi amathathu anesithoba.

Ityala elinye ngakumbi lelo lesixeko sase Segovia, kuba iye iintolongo ezimbini ezindala ukuba ngoku sebenzisa enye into. Eyamandulo Intolongo yaseRoyal, esikwiSitrato iJuan Bravo, ngoku ilithala leencwadi likaMasipala. Sikucebisa ukuba uyindwendwele kuba sisakhiwo esihle se-classicist. Njenge-anecdote, siya kukuxelela ukuba umbhalo omkhulu wavalelwa apho ILope de Vega.

Ngenxalenye yalo, i Intolongo endala yephondo laseSegovia Namhlanje liziko lezinto ezininzi zokudala ubugcisa. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwaqala ngo-1891, nangona ayizange isungulwe de kwangowe-1924 njengentolongo yabasetyhini. Ngokwezakhiwo, ibalasele kwinqaba yayo enkulu esembindini kunye nezinye ezincinci ezisekupheleni kwezinye iinave, kodwa nokomelela kolwakhiwo, oluxhotyiswe ngeendonga ezibanzi neziqinileyo.

Njengakwimeko engaphambili ebesikucacisele ngayo ngoZamora, intolongo yakudala yaseSegovia ibisebenza ifilimu kunye neseti kamabonakude. Imiboniso bhanyabhanya efana indoda yewaka lobuso kunye nothotho olunje Kwindlu yozakuzo y Ndixelele ukuba kwenzeke njani, ukongeza kwiintengiso ezininzi, amaxwebhu kunye neevidiyo zomculo. Enyanisweni, ihlala kwikomkhulu le Segovian Film Office, ekufuneka uye kuyo ukuba ufuna ukuyindwendwela.

Ukuqukumbela, sikubonise ezona zinomtsalane iintolongo ezilahliweyo eSpeyin. Kodwa sinokukhankanya abanye abafana ESan Cristóbal, eGran Canaria; leyo ye Santa Ana, eLa Coruña, okanye leyo ye Ngaba Brians, e-Barcelona. Qhubeka udibana nabo, baya kukuchaphazela.