Ihlabathi linezinto ezininzi iindawo ezimangalisayo, kwabo kuncinci okwaziwayo kwaye okuninzi kuthathwa. IMalta yenye yazo okanye, ngakumbi iitempile ezinkulu zeMalta. Ngaba uyabazi? Ayikukhathazi?
IMalta yinxalenye ye-European Union kwaye nangona incinci lilizwe apho kuhlala abantu abaninzi. Apha, kule geography ingaqhelekanga namhlanje ityelelwe kakhulu ngabakhenkethi ngenxa yemozulu efudumeleyo, zintathu Ilifa leMveli kunye neetempile ezininzi zeedolophu eziphakathi kwezona zidala kwaye ziyimfihlakalo emhlabeni.
Malta
Yiyo urhulumente ozimeleyo osemazantsi e-Itali Kwaye nangona ibisenzelwa amazwe ahlukeneyo kwimbali yayo, ukusukela ngo-1964, izimele ngokwenene. Yi ilizwe lesiqithi yenziwe ziziqithi ezithathu, iMalta uqobo, iGozo kunye neComino. Kukho nezinye iziqithi ezincinci.
Imozulu yaseMalta kushushu ehlotyeni nasebusika kune imvula encinci. Kungenxa yoko le nto abakhenkethi abaninzi behamba. Iilwandle zayo kwaye ngokucacileyo, kwezi tempile ze-megalithic ezinomdla omkhulu.
Iitempile zeMegalithic zaseMalta
Zisixhenxe iitempile ezinkulu eMalta ezaziwa yi-UNESCO njengeeNdawo zeLifa leMveli leHlabathis. Bahlala eMalta nakwisiqithi saseGozo. Kweyokuqala kukho iitempile zikaHagar Qim, Mnajdra kunye neTarxien, Ta'Hagrat kunye neSkorba ngelixa eGozo kukho iitempile ezimbini ezinkulu zeGgantija.
Zonke zinjalo izakhiwo zokuqala zembali ekukholelwa ukuba yakhiwa ngewaka lesine nelesithathu leminyaka BC Baphakathi kwamatye okuqala amileyo ehlabathini kwaye bayabetha ngenxa yeemilo nokuhombisa kwabo. Inyani yile yokuba intsingiselo nganye yahlukile kwaye yenziwa ngobugcisa kwimpumelelo yetekhnoloji abayimeleyo.
Iingcali zithi ilitye lesikhumbuzo ngalinye linendlela eyahlukileyo, isicwangciso kunye nokuthetha nangona kukho ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo njengepatio ene-elliptical ngaphambili kunye ne-facade ye-concave. Ngokubanzi, umnyango ubekwe ngaphambili, embindini we-façade, uvula indawo enkulu enentendelezo egangathiweyo kwaye ingaphakathi lenziwe ngamagumbi asetyhula alungelelaniswe macala onke e-axis yesakhiwo.
La magumbi ahluka ngokwenani kuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo, ngamanye amaxesha kukho amagumbi amathathu, ngamanye amaxesha amane okanye amahlanu, kwaye mhlawumbi amathandathu. Kukho amatye athe tyaba kunye namatye amakhulu amileyoKukholelwa ukuba bekukho uphahla kwaye yonke into icebisa ukuba indlela yokwakha ityhila okuninzi okunzulu. Ilitye elisetyenzisiweyo liyafumaneka ekuhlaleni, kunjalo Ikalika yekalika iindonga zangaphandle kunye a ilitye lekalika elithambileyo izinto zangaphakathi kunye nezinto zokuhombisa. Ewe, kukho uhombiso ngaphakathi kwizakhiwo kwaye zikwabonisa inqanaba elibalulekileyo lobugcisa.
Yantnoni izinto zokuhombisa Sithetha? Iiphaneli ezihonjiswe ngemingxunya, ii-motifs ezijikelezayo, imithi, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana azisweli. Kukholelwa, kuyilo loyilo kunye nemihombiso, ukuba ezi zakhiwo zakudala zazalisekisa ezinye Indima yesiko kuluntu olwakhayo.
Phantse lonke ulwazi oza kulifumana malunga neetempile zeMalta zivela kwi iarthology yamandulo. Le sayensi, ukusuka kuhlalutyo lwamathambo, iziqwenga zeceramic kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo, ikwenzile oko Abantu bahlala eMalta ukusukela ubuncinci i-5200 BC. Bahlala emiqolombeni kodwa kamva bakha izindlu kunye neelali zonke. Kukholelwa ukuba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-1600 yokufika kwesi siqithi baqala ukwakha ezi tempile zinkulu, namhlanje sibona nje into efana namathambo abo.
Emva komzuzwana wobungangamsha nobukhazikhazi kubonakala ngathi Malunga ne-2300 BC le nkcubeko imnandi yaqala ukwehla ngokukhawuleza.kwaye. Ngoba? Kukholelwa ukuba ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokugqithileyo, ukulahleka komhlaba, inani elikhulu labemi nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwezolimo… Kukwathethwa ngendlala, ungquzulwano lwasentlalweni malunga nenkolo yengcinezelo okanye ukufika kwabahlaseli bangaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, nantoni na eyenzekileyo, inkcubeko yaseMalta yehlile kwaye de kwafika abantu kwiBronze Age malunga ne-2000 BC. C Isiqithi sasiyinkangala.
Amanxuwa awaziwa kakhulu ngalawo eNdlu kaHagar Qim kunye neyo Mnajdra, kunxweme olusemazantsi-ntshona eMalta, ujonge elwandle usiya kwisiqithi esingenabemi saseFilfla phantse iikhilomitha ezintlanu. Eli thafa lineentlobo ezimbini zelitye lekalika, elisezantsi nelinzima elisetyenziswa kwi-Mnajdra kunye neliphezulu nelithambileyo elisetyenziswa kwiHagar Qim.
UHagar Qim Kuthetha 'amatye amileyo' kwaye ngaphambi kokuba amabhodlo avele, ayegutyungelwe lilitye elivela kuwo amatye nje ambalwa eme phezulu. Kukholelwa ukuba itempile yakhiwa ngokwamanqanaba aphakathi kwama-3500 BC kunye nama-2900 BC kunye inamatye amakhulu kwesi siqithi. Kukho ilitye elikhulu leemitha ezisixhenxe ngeemitha ezintathu kunye nobunzima malunga neetoni ezingama-20.
Amabhodlo aqala ukuvavanywa ngo-1839 kwaza kwafunyanwa izinto ezimbi kakhulu phakathi konyaka we-1885 nowe-1910.Iitempile ze-Mnajdra zimalunga ne-500 yeemitha kwintshona yeHagar Qim, kufutshane nencam yenkqantosi ejonge elwandle. Esi sakhiwo sinezakhiwo ezibini, itempile ephambili enamagumbi amabini ane-elliptical kunye netempile encinci enelinye igumbi.
Iitempile zokujongwa kweenkwenkwezi? Ingayi. Umnyango ophambili ujonge empuma kwaye ekwindla nasentwasahlobo ii-equinox imitha yokuqala yelanga iwela elityeni eludongeni lwegumbi lesibini. Ehlotyeni nasebusika ilanga likhanyisela iimbombo zeentsika ezimbini ezisepasejini ezidibanisa amagumbi aphambili.
Kuyamangalisa ngenene ukusukela oko Zombini izakhiwo zetempile zilungelelaniswe ngeenkwenkwezi hayi kanye ngemini kodwa amatyeli aliqela: kuHagar Qim, umzekelo, ekuzeni kokusa imitha yelanga idlula kwinto eyaziwa njenge-oracle kunye neprojekhthi yomfanekiso wediski elingana nobungakanani obubonakalayo inyanga kwaye, njengoko imizuzu idlula, idiski iyakhula kwaye iba yi-ellipse. Olunye ulungelelwaniso lwenzeka ukutshona kwelanga.
Inyani yile yokuba le mibuzo ngeenkwenkwezi inqabile kakhulu kuba ukuba siyakholelwa kwizinto zakudala zembali ngelo xesha olo lwazi…. Kukho idatha engalunganga. Abanye abaphandi bacebisa ezinye izimvo ezinomdla ngakumbiUmzuzu ophelayo welanga kwii-solstices awulungiswanga kodwa uyahluka ngekona, ukwanda okanye ukuncipha, kwe-axis yoMhlaba ngokunxulumene nenqwelomoya yokujikeleza kwayo ilanga. Olu tshintsho lwaziwa ngokusemthethweni "njengobungqina be-ellipsis" kwaye ine-degrees ezingama-23 kunye nemizuzu engama-27.
Ke, umjikelo omkhulu ongaphezulu kwama-40 amawaka eminyaka utyhilwe kwaye ukuba ulungelelwaniso mdala ngokwaneleyo baya kubandakanya inqanaba lesiphoso esibangelwe ngokuchanekileyo kukutshintsha kobuntu. Ukusuka kule mpazamo kunokwenzeka ukuba ubale i Umhla ochanekileyo wokwakhiwa kweetempile.
Ke, kwimeko yeetempile ze-Mnajdra, ulungelelwaniso lwabo lulungile kodwa alugqibekanga ncam. Ke ukubala kuphakamisa ukuba ulungelelwaniso olugqibeleleyo kufuneka ukuba lwenzeke ubuncinci kabini kule minyaka ili-15 idlulileyo: kube kanye ngo-3700 BC nakwenye ngaphambili, ngo-10.205 BC. Badala kakhulu kunoko kuthethiweyo.
Inqabile kakhulu ... Kodwa into eyongeza imfihlakalo kukuba ngaphaya kobudlelwane bakhe neenkwenkwezi iitempile ezimnyama zaseMalta zityhila ubuchule obukhulu bezibalo kunye nobunjineli. Ubusazi? Mhlawumbi kungenjalo, kuba izinto ezinxulumene neenkwenkwezi, imathematics, kunye nobunjineli obufezekisiweyo ngokubanzi zishiyiwe kubuchwephesha bezinto zakudala. Kwakhona, akukho nto ehlabathini ekhangeleka ngathi zezi tempile ubukho bayo buyindida.
Okokugqibela, asinakulibala malunga nobunzima be Iitempile zeHal Saflieni, yaziwa njenge iHypogeum. Inamanqanaba amathathu angaphantsi komhlaba iimitha ezili-12 ubunzulu, isinyuko esisihla esihla kunye namagumbi amabini abizwa ngokuba yiOracle kunye neSancta Sanctorum. Kukho i- Iitempile zeteksi, ngaphakathi kuyo a umfanekiso omkhulu ngobude bokuqala beemitha ezimbini ezinesiqingatha, babhaptizwa njenge Umama uthixokazi.
Inkqubo ye- Iitempile ze-Tas-Silg kunye neTemples zeSkorba kunye neentsimbi ezingaqhelekanga ezikroliweyo phantsi ifunyenwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeMalta kwaye idityaniswa nolwandle. Zijongeka njengophawu lwamavili kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo azinjalo. Zintoni zona? Ewe enye imfihlakalo.
Kwaye, ewe, ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nokusola, iingcinga, iingcebiso, iingcinga kunye nokunye okukujikeleze iitempile zaseMalta zininzi iincwadi ezinomdla kunye neewebhusayithi. Indlela yam yokuqala kule mfihlakalo yayisuka kwisandla seklasikhi: UErich Von Däniken.