Zininzi izikhumbuzo zakudala ezishiya usothukile kwaye zisenze sizibuze, bazenze njani emhlabeni? Kodwa inyani yeyokuba abantu banobukrelekrele kakhulu kwaye njengoko iteknoloji iqhubela phambili, uyilo kunye nolwakhiwo lobunjineli obumangalisayo busebenza phambili: Itonela lesiteshi, umzekelo.
Umjelo wetshaneli, okanye Le tunnel sous La Manche okanye nje ItonelaLiphupha elizalisekileyo kwaye namhlanje siza kwazi ukuba bakwazi njani ukulakha, nini, lisebenza njani kwaye ukuba unomdla, indlela yokuwela.
Ijelo lesiNgesi
Kukwaziwa ngegama lika Ijelo lesiNgesi kwaye ayisiyonto ngaphandle kwe Ingalo yoLwandlekazi lweAtlantic enxibelelana noLwandle lwaseMantla, ukwahlula umntla-ntshona weFrance ne-Great Britain.
Kubude beekhilomitha ezingama-560 kunye nobubanzi obuhluka phakathi kwe-240 kunye ne-33.3 yeekhilomitha, eyiPas de Calais ngokuchanekileyo. Ineziqithi ezithile namhlanje eziphantsi kweflegi yesiNgesi ezaziwa njengeChannel Islands.
Yayekwa nini? Kubonakala ngathi Yenziwa ekupheleni kwexesha lokugqibela le-Ice Age, malunga neshumi lamawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo Ngelo xesha iziqithi ezenza iGreat Britain zazisancamathele eYurophu kodwa xa umqala wanyibilika waba lichibi elikhulu kunye noxinano olwenziwe ngokuchanekileyo olusephakathi kweCalais neDover. Emva kwexesha, inkqubo yokukhukuliseka komhlaba yenze ishaneli kwaye amaza okusisigxina ayewandisa.
Ngokucacileyo, ukwahlulwa eYurophu kunike iBritish Isles uphawu lwayo kwaye nangona ibikhusele ngokubanzi kwiingxabano kunye nohlaselo, khange bakhululwe ngekhulu leepesenti. Kwanele ukukhumbula ukuba bahlaselwa ngamaRoma kwaye kamva ngamaNorman, kwaye, ngenxa yokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kunye nokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, ukubekwa bodwa kulityelwe.
Kulinganiselwa ukuba Iinqanawa ezingamakhulu amahlanu ngosuku zinqumla umjelo nanjengoko kubalulekile ukurhweba ngolwandle phakathi kweGreat Britain neYurophu naphakathi kweAtlantic neNorth Sea. Emva kobunzima kunye neengozi ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amane eyadlulayo kwagqitywa ekubeni kuya kubakho iindlela ezimbini: abo bahamba besiya emantla bazakusebenzisa indlela yaseFrance kunye nabo bahamba emazantsi ngendlela yesiNgesi. Kwaye kwenzeka, nangona kunjalo ingozi enye okanye ezimbini zibhalwa ngonyaka.
Kwaye yakhiwa nini iTonnel Tunnel? Inini i I-Eurotunnel?
I-Eurotunnel
Lo mbono wahlasela iintloko zoorhulumente baseYurophu ixesha elide. Ngapha koko, uNapoleon wayesele ephuphile ngaloo nto, kodwa ngokucacileyo ubunjineli bunokwenza kuphela ukuba kwenzeke kule nkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Imalunga ne- Itonela enqumla phantsi kwamanzi yaza yasungulwa nge-6 kaMeyi 1994, zincedisana nephenyane ebelihamba kulo kangangeenkulungwane.
Ukhuphiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe lokwakha lwasungulwa ngo-1984 phantsi kolawulo lwe-Mitterrand e-France kunye no-Tatcher e-Ngilani. Kwaboniswa izimvo ezahlukeneyo, iitonela, iibhlorho, ezinye zazibiza kakhulu, ezinye kunzima ukuzigqiba. Ekugqibeleni, isicelo esamkelweyo yayileso senkampani yokwakha iBelfour Beatty.
Lunjani uyilo? Imalunga ne iitonela ezimbini zoololiwe ezihamba ngaxeshanye. Embindini wabo kugijima itonela yesithathu esetyenziselwa ulondolozo. Wonke umntu kufuneka abe nakho ukuqhuba iilori kunye neemoto ngokunjalo. Uqikelelo olubi luvelise inani elipheleleyo le- $ 3 yezigidigidi, ke iibhanki ezingamashumi amahlanu zithathe inxaxheba kwaye kwaqeshwa abasebenzi abanezakhono abali-6.
Ukuqala ngokumba, i-geology yeChannel yesiNgesi kwafuneka ifundwe kwaye kwakugqitywa ubunzulu Umsebenzi waqala kumacala omabini omsele kuba injongo yayi Joyina phakathi. Umsebenzi kwicala laseFrance laqala kufutshane nedolophana yaseSangatte nakwicala lesiNgesi eShakespeare Cliff, kufutshane naseDover. Ewe, oogandaganda babebakhulu kwaye bebodwa babenakho ukumba, ukuqokelela inkunkuma, kwaye babuye nayo etoneleni.
Iintsalela ezibiweyo zaziswa ngaphezulu kwiimoto zoololiwe kwicala lesiNgesi kwaye kwicala laseFrance laxutywa namanzi kwaye lakhuliswa ngombhobho. Ezi zinto zakudala zokumba zibizwa ngokuba yi-TBM. Njengokuba ukumba kwakuqhubeka, amacala etonela aqiniswa ngekhonkrithi ukuze ikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo kwaye ikwenze kungangeni manzi ngaxeshanye.
Kodwa iinjineli zazinokuqiniseka njani ukuba la matonela mabini aya kudibana embindini walo mjelo? Ewe, kuye kwafuneka basebenzise izixhobo ezizodwa, kubandakanya ii-lasers, kwaye kwakungekho lula kwaphela kwaye ixesha elide babengaqinisekanga ngokupheleleyo ukuba kuya kusebenza. Kodwa bayenzile, kwaye ngoDisemba 1, 1990, intlanganiso enkulu yenzeka kwaye abasebenzi ababini abamagama abo atsaliwe kwilotto baxhawulana.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, kwakusekho indlela ende yokuhamba ngaphambi kokuba igqitywe i-Eurotunnel, ngoko ke imisebenzi iyaqhubeka njengoko kungekho enye kodwa i-tunnel ezintathu kufuneka zidibaniswe. enye intlanganiso yenzeka ngoMeyi 22, 1991, kwaye eyesithathu kwaye yeyokugqibela ngoJuni 28 kwakuloo nyaka. Emva kwexesha kwakuza kubakho iminyaka yokwakhiwa kweetheminali, iinkqubo zombane, iinkqubo zokulwa nomlilo, iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya, njalo njalo.
Ukuvulwa kwaba nge-10 kaDisemba ngo-1993 xa kwaveliswa uvavanyo lokuqala lwaza lwaqala ukusebenza ngoMeyi 6, 1994, emva kweminyaka emithandathu yokusebenza kunye neebhiliyoni ezili-15 zeedola (kuqikelelwa ukuba ama-80% abiza kakhulu kunaleyo yayihlolwe). Kule mihla zimbini iinkonzo zikaloliwe, iShuttle ohambisa iilori, izithuthuthu kunye neemoto kunye Eurostar ethwala abakhweli. Kwiikhilomitha ezingama-50 ezingaqhelekanga ubude, zingama-39 ezenziwa ziinkwili.
I-Eurostar ithatha iiyure ezimbini kunye nemizuzu engamashumi amabini ukudibanisa iParis neLondon y Iyure kunye nemizuzu engama-57 yokudibanisa iBrussels neLondon. Ukuba uhamba nemoto yakho unokuhlala ngaphakathi okanye uhambe ngololiwe ngelixa uwela itonela.
Ukugqiba ezinye zezi iinyani ezimnandi ukuze ungazi ngeTonela yeTshaneli:
- Yeyona tonela ye-XNUMX inde ehlabathini ekusetyenzisweni kwaye ineyona ndawo inde emanzini.
- Umbutho waseMelika wooNjineli baseKuhlaleni yenye yezinto ezisixhenxe ezimangalisayo zeli hlabathi lanamhlanje.
- Abasebenzi abali-10, amaNgesi asibhozo, babhubhile kulwakhiwo lwayo.
- ubunzulu obuphakathi kwitonela elingaphantsi kolwandle ziimitha ezingama-50 kwaye elona nqanaba lisezantsi ziimitha ezingama-75.
- ngosuku malunga noololiwe abangama-400 bawela kuwo bephethe umndilili wama-500 amawaka abakhweli.
- ibi imililo emithathu, ngo-1996, 2006 no-2012 abanyanzelisa ukuvalwa kwayo okomzuzwana. Okona kubi kakhulu yayikukuqala ukusebenza nokuchaphazeleka kweenyanga ezintandathu.
- ngo-2009 oololiwe abahlanu base-Eurostar baqhekeka kwaye babambeka abakhweli abangamawaka amabini iiyure ezili-16 ngaphandle kombane, ngaphandle kwamanzi nangaphandle kokutya.
- Oololiwe bakaShuttles ziimitha ezingama-775 ubude.
- itonela liqikelelwa ukuba ligqibe iminyaka eli-120 ubuncinci.
- ukuhamba ehlotyeni kubiza kakhulu, ngakumbi ngeempelaveki. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba uhambe phakathi evekini kwakusasa okanye ebusuku. Kwicala lesiNgesi, amaxabiso ajikeleze i- $ 44 ngemoto ukusuka kwiFolkestone ukuya eCalais okanye ukusuka kwi- £ 69 ukusuka eLondon ukuya eParis, eBrussels, eLille.