izizwe zaseAfrika

Las izizwe zaseAfrika Ziyintlanganisela yamawaka eminyaka embali. Rhoqo, azinanto yakwenza nemida yanamhlanje phakathi kwamazwe abumba ilizwekazi, kuba ezi zamiselwa kwimida yelizwekazi. inkqubo yokususa ubukholoni. Noko ke, ezo zizwe zazisele zikho kwakudala ngaphambi kokufika kwabemi baseYurophu.

Kuya kufuneka uhlale uyikhumbula loo nto Afrika Ithatha malunga namashumi amabini eepesenti kumhlaba ovelayo kwaye ishumi elinesihlanu labemi behlabathi. Ngoko ke, ukusuka Morocco de IKapa leThemba eliHle kwaye isuka Senegal phezulu Somaliya Iinkcubeko ezininzi nempucuko ziye zakhula ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Zininzi kangangokuba bekungenakwenzeka ukukuxelela ngazo zonke. Ke ngoko, siza kuyenza ukusuka kwezona zizwe zimelwe kakhulu kwaye zinomdla kwizizwe zaseAfrika.

isizwe samazulu

Ukuchaneka ngakumbi, kufuneka sithethe malunga ubuhlanga bezulu, ekubeni ibunjwe ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezilishumi. Isuka kwiphondo laseMzantsi Afrika le KwaZulu-Natali, nangona iye yasasazeka kwimimandla ye Zimbabu, Zambiya y Mozambikh.

Kukholelwa ukuba imvelaphi yayo isuka kwintsapho eyasekwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, nangona sele kwakuloo nkulungwane baberhweba namaPhuthukezi. Inkokeli yayo yokuqala enkulu yaba senzagakona, owaqala ukudityaniswa kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kuba njalo dingiswayo lowo udale umnxeba Ubukumkani bakwaZulu, ekwaziwa njenge Zululand.

Ukubaluleka kwabo kuya kunikwa kukuba bakwazi ukulwa imfazwe namaBritane ngo-1879. Baye boyiswa, kodwa bazisa amaYurophu ekupheleni kokuwa. Kunoko, ngabo baphulukana nokuzimela geqe baza abazange baphinde bakufumane. Noko ke, aqhubeka ehlanganisana ngokwezizwe ezinikela imbeko kwigunya lokumkani.

Kwelinye icala, ulwimi oluthethwa ngamaZulu lusuka kuyo bantú kunye nenkolo yakhe uthixo omkhulu. Banikela imbeko, ikakhulu koothixo abaquka izinto zendalo ezinjengomhlaba, ilanga okanye imvula. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, nangona kunjalo, umvelinqangi, nto leyo emelwa ziindudumo neenyikima. Ngokuphathelele indlela yabo yokuphila, babengabantu abangamagorha, kodwa ngoku sekunjalo umfama kunye nezolimo. Benza isithembu kwaye banabantwana abaninzi. Enyanisweni, okukhona bebaninzi, kokukhona sibaluleke ngakumbi isizalwana sabo. Ekugqibeleni, indlela yabo ekhethekileyo yokudanisa iye yaduma, ebudeni bayo babonakala bengcangcazela.

abantu baseMursi

Incinci kakhulu kuneyangaphambili, kuba inabantu abamalunga namawaka alithoba, esi sizwe siphuma kuyo Ethiopia. Kwaye, ngakumbi, ukusuka kummandla we Umbindi weOmo. Ngokuqinisekileyo uyibonile ingxelo ngaye kwaye uya kumqonda kuba badla ngokunxiba iipleyiti zodongwe ezimiliselwe emilebeni nasezindlebeni zabo.

Bathetha ulwimi oluntsonkothileyo olubizwa, ngokuchanekileyo, Umsi kunye neelwimi zaseNilo-Sahara. Ngokuphathelele umbutho wabo wentlalontle, bahlelwe ngokweentsapho kwaye balawulwa yi watsala o amabhunga abadala. Unqulo lwabo lunikela imbeko kumandla aphezulu abizwa umntu, enokuqukwa kwizinto ezininzi. Umzekelo, intaka okanye umnyama.

Kwelinye icala, ukuba izitya ayisiyiyo yodwa isiko elinomdla leMursi. Amadoda akhe apeyinta imizimba yabo ngetshokhwe emhlophe kwaye abeke Dunga, idabi lombhiyozo kunye neentonga apho abo baphumeleleyo behlonelwa ngabanye nelungelo lokukhetha umfazi.

Ngokoqoqosho, bahlala ngaphandle zolimo, ngokuyintloko ekulinyweni kwamazimba nombona, nangona zikwaqokelela nobusi. Ngokufanayo, banjalo abafuyi, ubukhulu becala iinkomo. Njengoko ibabonelela ngokutya, bayihlonela kakhulu. Ukubulala inkomo, badubula utolo apho bacinga ukuba kubuhlungu kakhulu. Balisele ke igazi layo baze bahlambe kulo kuba becinga ukuba liyavuselela.

IMaasai, esinye sezizwe ezidumileyo eAfrika

Le dolophu iza kuqheleka kuwe kuba ibikhona kumajelo osasazo ngenxa yezithethe zayo kunye nempilo yayo engaqhelekanga. Ude wakwazi ukuyibona kwiimuvi ezinje amasayi amhlophe. Yena ngokwemvelaphi evela emazantsi Kenya nasemntla we Thanzaniya kwaye ibandakanya, malunga, amakhulu alithoba amawaka abantu bebonke.

Ulwimi lwakhe maa okanye maasai, ekwiqela lamaNilotic, ekwathethwa zezinye izizwe ezifana nezo zihlala eMzantsi Sudan. Kodwa ziqondwa nangesiSwahili yaye abaninzi bade bathethe nesiNgesi. Iidolophu zabo zibizwa enkang kwaye urbanism yayo iqulathe izangqa zezindlu zomququ okanye iibhoma kunye nezithango zempahla yabo emfutshane. Kuba, nangona babengamagorha kunye namarhamncwa ngaphambili, ngoku bazinikele kubo zolimo nokwelusa iinkomo, iigusha, neebhokhwe.

Ngokuphathelele iinkolelo zabo zonqulo, ilali nganye inazo umprofeti o laibon, enoxanduva lokutolika iminqweno yobuthixo, ebizwa Ngayi. Yinto efana nothixo wemvula, ocelwa kuyo isivuno. Enyanisweni, ingca nayo ithathwa njengento engcwele ngaba bantu.

Kwelinye icala, amaMaasai adlula kumsitho wokudlulela ebuntwini obukhulu. Ihlala iintsuku ezininzi kwaye ngayo inkwenkwe iba Moran o umkhosi. Ngokubhekiselele kwinkangeleko yamadoda nabasetyhini, uya kumangaliswa kukuba banxibe izinto ezinkulu ezifana namacici, kuquka iimpondo zezilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, le dolophu iye yaseNtshona kakhulu. Kwaye ngoku akumangalisi ukuba bafumane abakhenkethi kwiilali zabo. Aba badanisa ukuze bafumane imali bade babathengisele nemisebenzi yabo yezandla.

ITuareg, abahambi baseSahara

Safika kukhenketho lwethu lwezizwe zaseAfrika ukuya kwenye yezona zidumileyo nezidumileyo. Sithetha ngabantu baseTuareg, abakwabizwa ngokuba "idolophu eluhlaza yeSahara" ngenxa yempahla yakhe. Enyanisweni, sisizwe esingoonothwal’ impahlana esihamba ngamaqela amakhulu kule ntlango sikhatshwa zizilwanyana ezizixhasayo.

Yilali IBerber woMntla Afrika ozinikeleyo, ngaphezu kwako konke, uku shishini, nangona bekwangamajoni asentsomini. Ngokuyintloko isekelwe kwi ENiger, apho inabemi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini ezinesiqingatha, kodwa inabemi ababalulekileyo Algeria, Libya, mali y Burkina Faso.

Ngokuphathelele unqulo lwakhe, nguye inkolo yamaSilamsi, nangona ingezizo ezonqulo, kodwa ixutywe neenkolelo zokukholelwa kwizidalwa eziphilayo. Kwaye ulwimi lwakhe Tamashek, enenkqubo yayo yokubhala: i tifinagh. Yialfabhethi yoonobumba evela kwiLibyan-Berber, imvelaphi yayo isusela kwinkulungwane yesithathu BC. Well yinyani ukuba tifinagh Iklasikhi yalahleka kwaye yaphinda yadalwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.

Kwelinye icala, isiseko soluntu Tuareg yi umnombo (into) okanye iqela lezalamane ezinokhokho omnye. Ngokulandelayo, nganye kwezi yodidi lwentlalo kunye ne-a isizwe o ettebel. Ngokunjalo, umnombo ngamnye unyula indoda njengommeli kwibhunga lesizwe. Kwaye ukhetha inkokeli okanye amenokal. Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseTuareg banobuqhetseba. Ngale nto, sifuna ukukuxelela ukuba kukho izizwe zodwa kunye nabakhonzi. Ngaphambili babenamakhoboka.

Ngaphambi kokuba sikuxelele ukuba iTuareg i maqhawe. Enyanisweni, imvukelo yakhe yintsomi yaye iye yavelisa iingoma ezininzi zemibongo. Kwaye nakwiingxabano ezahlukeneyo kunye nabo bazama ukuboyisa. Ukuvukela kwakhe amakholoniyali aseFransi ngo-1916, eyathatha iinyanga ezininzi kwaye yayikhokelwa Mohammed Kahocen. Kodwa baye bangenelela kwezona ingxwabangxwaba zakutsha nje kummandla we Sahel.

Ama Bushmen, ngaphezu kwesizwe saseAfrika

Siluqukumbela ukhenketho lwethu lwabantu base-Afrika ngokukuxelela malunga nama-Bushmen, ngokwenene izizwe ezininzi eziqukwe kwiqela lama-Bushmen. khoisan. Ngokona qikelelo oluthembekileyo, kukho inani labantu abangamashumi asithoba anesihlanu amawaka asasazeke Botswana, Namibhiya, Angola, Zambiya, Zimbabu y Iriphabliki yaseSudafrica.

Enyanisweni, igama layo livela Isibhulu, ulwimi lwemvelaphi yaseJamani oluziswa kule mimandla ngabantu baseYurophu, kwaye lithetha "indoda yehlathi". Nangona kunjalo, abathethi olo lwimi, kodwa bathetha iilwimi ezihlanganisiweyo kxoe. Inqaku layo eliphambili kukusetyenziswa kwe Ukucofa ukunxibelelana. Enyanisweni, kuqikelelwa ukuba amashumi asixhenxe ekhulwini amagama abo aqala ngabo kwaye kukho i-palatal, i-alveolar, i-bilabial okanye yamazinyo.

Ikakhulu, bazinikele kuyo caza nokuvuna iziqhamo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izizwe zaseAfrika, baphantse bafane i-matriarchal. Umfazi unokubaluleka okukhulu kwezentlalo kwaye ude abe yinkokeli yeqela losapho lwakhe. Ukongezelela, esi sizwana sigqalwa sihlobene nabantu bokuqala ababewumi emhlabeni.

Noko ke, amaBushmen aye ayitshintsha indlela aphila ngayo njengoko iintlanga zelizwekazi ziye zawoyisa. Enyanisweni, amashumi eminyaka bebephikisana noRhulumente we Botswana, ekubeni efuna ukubagxotha kummandla wakhe oyintloko, i Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Ngenxa yoko, ngoku bazinikele ngakumbi idlelo.

Kwelinye icala, iBushmen iyithanda kakhulu umculo kunye nomdaniso. Esona sixhobo sakhe siphambili luhlobo lwesaphetha asibambe emlonyeni nesandi esifana nesandi. Kwaye, phakathi kwemidaniso yayo, indlulamthi okanye umdaniso ophilisayo ugqama. kia. Le yokugqibela yinxalenye yezithethe zabo zonqulo. Oothixo bazo banxulumene nokufumana ukutya. Kukho a umoya ophezulu kunye nezinye ezincinci ezichaphazela zombini oku kunye nokubonakala kwezifo.

Ukuqukumbela, sikubonise ezinye eziphambili izizwe zaseAfrika. Nangona kunjalo, sinokukuxelela malunga nabanye abafana ne IDinka yaseSudan, i ihamile evela kwi-ethiopia, i namibian himba okanye abadumileyo AbaThwa baseCongo. Awucingi ukuba ilizwekazi laseAfrika nalo lityebe kakhulu ngokwembono ye-anthropological?