Phakathi kweYurophu neAsia kukho ichibi lamanzi anetyuwa elinegama elingaqondakaliyo: Ulwandle lweCaspian. Kuyinto ichibi elikhulu ngokwenene, elona likhulu ehlabathini, kwaye igama lakhe lihlala lindikhumbuza iinoveli ze-gothic, amabali e-vampire kunye nezidalwa zamandulo.
ukufumanisa iimfihlo zoLwandle lweCaspian, namhlanje.
Ulwandle lweCaspian
Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, lelona chibi likhulu ehlabathini, eline I-371 yeekhilomitha eziliwaka leekhilomitha zomhlaba kunye nobunzulu obuphakathi kweemitha ezili-170, nangona ubuninzi bufikelela phantse kwiwaka leemitha. Isondliwa nguMlambo iVolga kunye nezinye ezincinci ezifana ne-Emba, i-Ural River kunye ne-Kura.
Ibizwa ngokuba luLwandle lweCaspian emva kwabantu bakudala ababehlala kule ndawo, iiCaspians, kwaye ngokutsho kwezazi zejoloji eli chibi. imalunga nama-30 ezigidi zeminyaka ubudala kwaye ubuncinane kwizigidi ezihlanu ezinesiqingatha Akukho kuphuma elwandle. Kakade ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha iye yanamagama ahlukahlukeneyo yaye akuzange kube yinkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX apho yaqalisa ukuhlolisiswa nzulu ziinzululwazi ezahlukeneyo.
Kwandula ke kwaziwa ukuba njengoLwandle Olufileyo, uLwandle lweCaspian lilifa leMar Paretetis yakudala. Xa yayishiywe ngaphandle kokufikelela elwandle ngenxa yeentshukumo ezahlukeneyo zetectonic, yayisele iza koma. Namhlanje, ngenxa yemijelo yemilambo, ngokuyinxenye, ukuya ngasentla, inamanzi acocekileyo. Yiyo loo nto namhlanje ubutyuwa enabo phantse sisiqingatha sesithathu somndilili wolwandle.
Namhlanje uLwandle lweCaspian ngumda wendalo weRashiya, i-Iran, iAzerbaijan, iTurkmenistan kunye neKazakhstan. Unxweme lwayo aluqhelekanga kakhulu, ineengxondorha ezininzi, iziqithi ezininzi (esona sikhulu siSiqithi saseOgurja Ada, esiziikhilomitha ezingama-47 ubude), kwaye uninzi alunabemi. Nokuba yeyiphi na loo nto, iziqithi zibaluleke ngokwelizwe ngokwelizwe banguvimba weoli kwaye abo baxhatshazwayo abakhululwa ekonakalisweni kokusingqongileyo.
ULwandle lweCaspian luneekhilomitha ezingama-740 zonxweme e-Iran kunye ne-1894 e-Azerbaijan, i-815 eRashiya, i-800 e-Kazakhstan kunye ne-1789 e-Turkmenistan. Ingumthombo obaluleke kakhulu kwindawo, enemozulu eyomileyo kwaye ngoko isebenza njengeqonga elibalulekileyo lokuhambisa amandla. Ukuloba kubalulekile apha. Nyaka ngamnye, umzekelo, iitoni ezingama-600 zeentlanzi ezibanjiswayo, ngakumbi ii-sturgeons.
ulwandle lweCaspian idume kakhulu ngesturgeon caviar, eyona ibiza kakhulu emhlabeni: kwimarike iba phakathi I-7 kunye ne-10 lamawaka eedola ngekhilo. I-Caspian inikezela nge-90% ye-Beluga caviar kwimarike. I-sturgeon yintlanzi yesithathu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, inkulu emanzini ahlambulukileyo, kwaye inokuphila iminyaka eyi-120. Inkulu kwaye iyamangalisa. Kodwa ke, ukuba iBeluga ayisiyiyo yodwa yokukhupha iCaspian, asinakulibala i-Astra caviar kunye neSevruga ezibiza kakhulu kwaye zimnandi.
Kwaye akukho ngquzulwano kwindawo? Ewe, bekusoloko kukho iingxabanokodwa ngo-2018 kwasayinwa isivumelwano esixabisekileyo, isivumelwano sembali, enyanisweni, apho uLwandle lweCaspian lwanikwa iwonga elikhethekileyo: ayilolwandle okanye ichibi kwaye amanzi alo ahlulwa kumanzi ommandla, kwiindawo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunye neendawo zokuloba, kunye namazantsi olwandle, atyebe ngokugqithisileyo kwimithombo yobutyebi bendalo (50 yeebhiliyoni zemiphanda yeoli kunye nezigidi ezingaphezulu zegesi), ziya kwahlulwa. Uxolo alulawuleki ngokupheleleyo kodwa imeko ingcono kunangaphambili.
Injani imozulu apha? Ulwandle lwaseCaspian olusemantla lune Imozulu yelizwekazi ubushushu obuphakathi, ngelixa indawo ephakathi kunye nesezantsi, apho i-Iran, i-Azerbaijan kunye ne-Turkemensitan ikhona, ishushu. UMzantsi-mpuma unazo ukubanjwa kwetropikhi kwaye amanxweme asempuma anemozulu eshushu kakhulu entlango. Kulapho imvula ine kakhulu khona.
Ukhenketho kuLwandle lweCaspian
Inyaniso kukuba amashumi eminyaka eengxabano phakathi kwamazwe anonxweme kuLwandle lweCaspian aluzange luququzelele ukuphuhliswa kweshishini elinomdla kakhulu kumntu wonke: ukhenketho. Kodwa Ukutyikitywa kwesi sivumelwano ngowama-2018 kuyiphucule kakhulu imbonakalo yalo mba kwaye namanzi alo ngoku avulekele ukhenketho kunye neenqanawa zokukhenketha zodidi oluphezulu.
Ngaphambi kobhubhane, ngo-2019, a inqanawa entsha yokuhamba ngenqanawa ebizwa ngokuba nguPeter Omkhulu eya kuba neekhabhini ezili-115 ezineebhalkhoni zabucala kunye namagumbi okunethezeka ali-12. Ngomthamo wabakhweli abangama-310, iya kuba yihotele eneenkwenkwezi ezintlanu. Bekumele kubekho uhambo oluphakathi kolunye ukuya kwambini ngeveki phakathi kwamazwe amahlanu akwimida yeCaspian.
Kuya kufuneka kuthiwe, lukhetho olunomdla kakhulu kubathandi bokuhamba ngenqanawa abasele bediniwe kukuhamba ngenqanawa kwiCaribbean okanye kwiifjords zaseNorway okanye kuLwandle lweMeditera. ubhubhane yamisa iprojekthi kwaye namhlanje imeko ayilula. Bendiphanda umba weCaspian cruise kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukufumana ulwazi oluhlaziyiweyo. Masithi isihloko sihamba kancinci kancinci.
Ewe ndiyifumene kunyaka ophelileyo, Iran, ngomphathiswa wakhe wezokhenketho, wabhengeza oko izicwangciso zophuhliso lokhenketho lwaselwandle zinokukhawuleziswa, ukudibanisa izibonelelo zamafutha kunye neenkampani zokuthutha ukunciphisa iindleko zamatikiti elwandle kunye nokwandisa ukhenketho kwelo candelo, okanye ukutyala imali eninzi kuphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo kumanxweme asemazantsi elizwe, ungalibali umntla kwaye uguqule iindlela zaselwandle kunye Injongo enqwenelekayo yokutsala abakhenkethi abazizigidi ezingama-20 ngonyaka ngo-2025.
Ezinye iinyani malunga noLwandle lweCaspian
- Los iiCaspians Yayisisizwe esimhlophe esihlala kule ndawo ukusukela kwinkulungwane yesibini ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. C ukuya kwixesha leSassanid.
- Incwadi khotai namag, elahlekileyo, ngowona mbhalo mdala apho igama loLwandle lweCaspian livela, nangona ngelo xesha lalibizwa ngokuba luLwandle lwaseGilan.
- Ngaphambili, uLwandle lweCaspian lwaluyinxalenye yoLwandle iParathetis, olwathi ngoko lwadibanisa uLwandlekazi lwePasifiki neAtlantiki. Ngokuthe ngcembe olo nxibelelwano lwaphela.
- ulwandle lweCaspian inamatywina.
- Likhaya ngaphezu kwama-400 eentlobo zeentlanzi, uninzi lwayo nguuncia kwaye ayifumaneki kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi ngaphandle kwalapha.
- EAzeerbajan kukho iilwandle ezininzi. KwiPeninsula yase-Absheron, umzekelo, kukho iindawo ezininzi zokuchithela iiholide kunye nemidlalo emininzi yamanzi eyenziwayo. Ixesha eliphezulu lihlobo.
- Inkqubo cukucotha kwehlabathi kunyusa ukuguquka kwamanzi kumanzi oLwandle lweCaspian.
- Emva kwePersian Gulf kunye neSiberia, uLwandle lweCaspian luyindawo yesithathu enkulu yonxweme kunye negesi engaphantsi kolwandle emhlabeni.
- ulwandle lweCaspian ingaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle. Kuphela iphakathi kwe-16 kunye ne-28 yeemitha zokuphakama.
- Nangona iVolga iyeyona nxalenye yayo ibalulekileyo ibala zonke, ezinkulu nezincinci, inemilambo eyi-130 eyondlayo.
- Unxweme lweCaspian eIran yeyona ndawo ikhenketha kakhulu kweli lizwe.
- Phantse I-4% yogcino lweoyile kunye negesi BakuLwandle lweCaspian.
- Ngonyaka malunga ne-122 lamawaka eetoni zongcoliseko ziyakhutshwa yamanzi avelisiweyo ngokutsalwa kweoli.