Kukho imijelo eyenziweyo eyakhiwe luluntu kwihlabathi kwaye edumileyo kwihlabathi. Enye yazo yi Umsele weSuez. Kwinqaku lanamhlanje siza kugxila kwesesibini, i Ijelo laseAfrika eyaguqula imbali yorhwebo yommandla kunye nehlabathi.
Umsele weSuez ujoyina uLwandle lweMeditera noLwandle Olubomvu kwaye ihlala ibonwa njengomda phakathi kweAsia neAfrika. Ibali lokuba yabonwa kwaye yakhiwa njani ngaphandle kwempikiswano kunye nembambano yezopolitiko, kodwa ubukrelekrele babantu baphela ngempumelelo.
Umsele weSuez
Lo msele wokufakelwa, umjelo olwandle, yakhiwa phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukuvula indlela ethe ngqo phakathi kweNyakatho yeAtlantic kunye noLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya ngeMeditera nakuLwandle Olubomvu, ukunqanda ukujikeleza iAtlantic kunye nenxalenye esemazantsi e-Indian Ocean, oko ke kunciphisa ixesha lokuhamba ngamawaka eekhilomitha.
Isitayile Iqala eBhayi kwaye iphele ePort Tewfik kwisixeko saseSuez. Hamba ngaphezulu kancinci kune 193 amawaka eekhilomitha kwaye inemisele yokufikelela emantla nasezantsi. Uyilo lwantlandlolo lwalunendlela enye yamanzi, ngaphandle kwamasango, enamanzi olwandle kunye neendawo zokudlula eBallah naseGreat Bittler Lake.
Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ubukhosi obukhulu baseYurophu babusenamandla e-Afrika, ke ngoko i-UK ne France zazingabaniniBabenjalo iminyaka emininzi, de kwaba semveni kweMfazwe yesiBini, kwinkqubo yokucinezelwa kobukumkani, umongameli wase-Egypt ngelo xesha, UNasser, uthathe isigqibo sokumenza abe lilizwe. Ngokucacileyo, ebengenakuyenza ngaphandle kwengxabano, kodwa yenziwe ekugqibeleni.
Ukusukela ngoko ukuya phambili, nokusayinwa kwesivumelwano, kwagqitywa kwelokuba umjelo uya kuhlala usetyenziswa, ngamaxesha oxolo nemfazwe, ngayo nayiphi na inqanawa yayo nayiphi na into, ngaphandle kokwahlula iflegi. Ukuba ubona imephu ye-Afrika, uyaqonda ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ibaluleke kangakanani ijelo kwiimpikiswano zalapha.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, Ngo-2014, i-Egypt yaqala umsebenzi wokwandisa iBallah Pass kwiikhilomitha ezingama-35 ukwenza ukujikeleza kukhawuleze kwaye mhlawumbi ukuphinda kabini amandla omsele wenani leenqanawa ezinokudlula ngosuku. Yaphunyezwa kwaye imisebenzi yasungulwa emva konyaka. Yintoni egqithisile, Ngo-2016, kwavulwa ishaneli esecaleni.
Kodwa ngaba kokokuqala ukuba abantu bakhe into efanayo? Hayi. Kubonakala ngathi kwakudala i-Egypt yayiyinjongo yokuhamba ukusuka kuMlambo umNayile ukuya kuLwandle Olubomvu. Ngenxa yoko, kukholelwa ukuba bakha umjelo omncinci, mhlawumbi ngexesha likaRamses II kwaye kamva nguDariyo, ukumkani wasePersi.
Abantu base-Ottomans nabo bayithathela ingqalelo, ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, sele befuna ukudibanisa iMeditera noLwandle Olubomvu, kunye nomnqweno wokudibanisa iConstantinople kunye neendlela zorhwebo kunye nohambo.
Nangona kunjalo, yayibiza kakhulu, ngoko akukho nto ingako eyavela emaphepheni. Ngexesha lephulo laseFrance eJiphutha ukuya UNapolén Wayenomdla kwizintsalela zomsele wamandulo emva koko abazobi beemaphu baseFrance kunye nabembi bezinto zakudala bazula zula kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukuba ngumlawuli ubonise umdla ongakumbi ekwakheni umjelo wamanzi kodwa ukwakhiwa kwamasango kwenza ukuba imisebenzi ibize kakhulu kwaye yathatha ixesha elide, ke ekugqibeleni umbono washiywa.
Kanjalo, olu luvo lwafika lwadlula lwasuka ezingqondweni zabantu abaninzi ngexesha de lafezekiswa. Ekugqibeleni, izinto ziye zanzima kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni kwakhiwe. Ngaba yaxhaswa yiNkampani yeCanal CanalUmanyano lweenkampani ezininzi ezinze eParis. Ekuqaleni, i-52% yezabelo yayiseFrance kwaye i-44% yayise-Egypt, kodwa kamva eli lizwe lathengisa e-United Kingdom.
Isitayile yayakhiwe kwiSuez Isthmus, Ibhulorho yomhlaba phakathi kweAfrika neAsia ngokwemigaqo yejiyoji kutsha nje. Kuyaziwa ukuba ngaphambi kokuba la mazwe mabini abeyimbumba enye kwaye phakathi kweminyaka engama-66 kunye ne-2.6 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwavela impazamo enkulu eyahlulahlula. Ayisiyo i-ismus efanayo, ineendawo ezintathu ezizaliswe ngamanzi ezizizo ILake Manzala, i ichibi timsah kunye Amachibi akrakra.
Esi siqwenga senziwe ngamatye endalo olwandle, isanti kunye negrabile ezazifakwe ngamaxesha emvula enkulu okanye zafika ngeNayile okanye zaziswa sisanti ebhabha entlango. Apha kwagqitywa ukwakhiwa komsele, imisebenzi eyenzeka phakathi kuka-1859 no-1869. Iminyaka elishumi yokumba kunye abasebenzi abasebenza ngenkani, uninzi lwabo lwaphela lusweleka.
Yayingeyiyo iprojekthi eyaqala yaphakamisa amathemba amaninzi kwaye yayinzima ukuthengisa izabelo. Kodwa isandla kunye nosapho lwaseRothchild, iibhanki ezidumileyo, izabelo ubuncinci eFrance zaphela zathengisa okweqebengwana ezishushu. Okwangoku, i-UK yayithandabuza kwaye igxeka ukusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi bekhoboka.
Ekugqibeleni, Umsele weSuez wavula ngo-Novemba ngo-1869 kumsitho owawusePort Said owawubandakanya imisebenzi yezomlilo, izidlo kunye noosomaqhuzu. Njengoko kulindelwe Kwiintsuku zokuqala, ijelo lalinengxaki zobuchwephesha kunye nezemali kuba iindleko bezinyuke kancinci. Kwakhona, ukugcwala kwabantu kuphela kwaqala ukukhula kwiminyaka emibini kamva ke ngelo xesha ukungaqiniseki kuyaqhubeka.
Kodwa ngaphaya kwazo zonke iingxaki kunye nokuqikelela inyani yile Umsele weSuez wawubaluleke kakhulu kunxibelelwano phakathi kwamazwe. Ngelo xesha, ijelo lalinomkhondo omnye malunga ne-8 yeemitha ubunzulu kunye ne-22 yeemitha ububanzi emazantsi naphakathi kwe-61 kunye ne-912 yeemitha ububanzi kumphezulu. Iindawo zokuhamba zakhiwa rhoqo kwiikhilomitha ezisibhozo ukuya kwezilishumi ukuvumela ukudlula kweenqanawa kwicala ngalinye.
Ibincinci kakhulu ke malunga ne-1876 baqala imisebenzi emitsha ukuyenza ibanzi kwaye ibe nzulu. Ngama-60s, ijelo lalinobubanzi obuncinci beemitha ezingama-55 ezantsi kunye neemitha ezili-10 kwiibhanki, kunye nobunzulu beemitha ezili-12 kumaza asezantsi. Iindawo zokuhamba zandiswa kwaye ezinye zakhiwa emachibini, zenziwe ngekhonkrithi kunye nentsimbi ukuthintela ukhukuliseko lomhlaba.
Izicwangciso zangoko zazinzima yimfazwe yowe-1967 yama-Arab namaSirayeli, iintsuku apho umjelo wavalwa khona nangona isivumelwano sasityikityiwe kwakudala. Umsele weSuez yahlala ingasebenzi de kwangowe-1975 kwaye njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, ngowama-2015 i-Egypt yagqibezela intsalela yokwandisa amandla ayo: Iikhilomitha ezingama-29 ubude kune-164 yayo yoqobo.
Ukugqiba ndikushiyela ulwazi:
- Ngo-1870, iinqanawa ezingama-486 zadlula, ngaphantsi kwesibini ngosuku.
- Ngo-1966, iinqanawa ezingama-21.250 58 zazidlula, malunga nama-XNUMX ngosuku.
- Ngo-2018, iinqanawa ezili-18.174 zadlula.
- Umjelo wokuqala wawungengomjelo weendlela ezimbini ngenxa yoko iinqanawa kwakufuneka zime kwaye zihambe, ziye, kwaye zime. Kuthathe malunga neeyure ezingama-40 ukudlula, kodwa ngo-1939 elo xesha lancitshiswa laya kwiiyure ezili-13. Ukuphela kwee-40s, iikhomishini zazalisekiswa kwaye nge70s ixesha lalisele liphakathi kweeyure ezili-11 ukuya kwezili-16,
- Uhlobo lwemithwalo luye lwatshintsha kakhulu kwaye ngakumbi kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX yeoyile kunye nezinto ezingafunekiyo ziyinkosi. Amalahle, isinyithi, iinkuni, imbewu kunye nokutya okuziinkozo, isamente, izichumisi zongezwa.
- Nangona iinqanawa zabakhweli zihlala zidlula ukusukela ngeye-40, inani lincinci kakhulu ngenxa yokhuphiswano oluvela kwiinqwelomoya.
- Namhlanje ungenza ukhenketho eCairo okanye ePort Said, ngolwandle.